Electro Man, originally distributed in Poland under the title Electro Body, is an MS-DOS platform game developed by the Polish company X LanD Computer Games. It was originally released in Poland by xLand in 1992,[1] and later published by Epic MegaGames in the United States in 1993; apart from the changed title, the Electro Man release contains some changes, such as upgraded graphics. Though initially offered under a shareware license, the game was released as freeware by the developer on June 25, 2006,[2] under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 license.[3][2] The player controls a cyborg named "Jacek", who must get through all the areas of a space base while destroying enemies.
The plot of Electro Man takes place in the future. Jacek's family is killed by aliens in an attack on a human-populated space base. Eager for revenge, he returns to the conquered base as a cyborg equipped with advanced weaponry in order to reclaim the facility from the invaders.[8]
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On each of the levels, the player must find three electronic chips and use them to activate a large teleporter pad which serves as the exit. The base is full of dangers, such as security robots or automatic gun turrets. The protagonist dies instantly when shot, returning to the last touched checkpoint. There are also numerous small teleporters, which transport the protagonist between various areas in the level.[9]
The original Electro Body release contains a copy protection measure, forcing the player to find the right letter in the manual in order to continue from one level to the next.[9] This security measure was removed in the Electro Man version.[11]
According to the memories of Maciej Misik, the game was created on the initiative of Marek Kubowicz, the founder of xLand, who made a proposal to Misik and Janusz Pelc to develop the first game for his company. The development took nine months.[12] Together, Pelc and Misik designed and programmed the game, and created the graphics. The protagonist was given a face-covering helmet, as drawing a convincing face proved too difficult.[11] The game's title was inspired by the electronic body music genre, which was also used by the composer, Daniel Kleczyski, as inspiration for the soundtrack.[13]
Electro Body was released in professional packaging, comparable to games released by Western publishers. The box contained an instruction manual, reference card with controls and a cassette tape containing the game soundtrack, thus allowing even players without sound cards to enjoy the music.[4][8][10] Creating the boxes at the time was not a simple task for the developers; the boxes were shrink-wrapped by hand, with the help of a kitchen heat sealer and a sandwich toaster. The back of the box was decorated with screenshots made with a photo camera. Advertising material created for the game included posters and radio advertisements.[11][4]
Electro Body was noted for its low system requirements. The game supported every video card on the Polish market, including the Hercules Graphics Card, CGA, EGA and VGA cards; it also supported numerous audio devices, including the PC speaker, Covox Speech Thing or the Sound Blaster.[4] A special release of the game came with a Covox device included in the box.[14]
Hoping to get the game picked up by a Western distributor, the developers sent a copy of the game on floppy disk by mail to the American company Epic MegaGames. Epic expressed interest, and xLand representatives met in Rotterdam with Mark Rein; the negotiations were successful, and the game was released in the United States under the title Electro Man. This release was a modified version of the original; the changes included removal of copy protection measures, and removing support for all video modes other than VGA.[11]
xLand planned to develop a sequel, under the title Electro Body 2. Planned features of this "military 2D platform game" included 3D rendered sprites, as well as a new game engine allowing for nine separate planes of scrolling and special effects. The game never saw the light of day.[11][15]
Electro Body met with critical acclaim in Poland. The reviewer in Top Secret praised its graphics and music.[14] PC World Komputer praised the "packaging that no western company would be ashamed of" and described the graphics as "excellent".[10] Jacek Maciejewski of PC Magazine Po Polsku considered Electro Body to be a game "of a quite high quality", but criticized the copy protection, which he found annoying.[9] The reviewer of wiat Gier Komputerowych stated that the game "speaks well" of the Polish art of programming.[8]
The game received more mixed reviews in Germany. PC Games praised its graphics and compared it favorably to games by Apogee Software.[18] In contrast, the review in PC Player panned the game, criticizing its controls and lack of scrolling, and complaining about some actions requiring "millimeter-perfect" positioning of the player character.[16] The review in PC Joker stated that the graphics and animation was "poor" and "downright laughable", and described the controls as awkward.[17]
Years after its release, Electro Body was retrospectively considered an important step in the history of Polish computer games. An article on the website GameZilla.pl described it as "the first serious twitch of Polish game developers".[6] Bartomiej Kluska, a journalist specializing in the history of Polish games, considered it the first serious Polish production for the PC platform and commended its graphics and "attention to detail".[20]
In 2014 the Polish indie game website 1ndie World held a competition named "The Jam", with the objective of creating a game inspired by Electro Body. The winning game would receive a professional advertising campaign sponsored by the website Gry-Online, among other prizes.[21] The competition winner was the game Ego Protocol.[22]
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We observe that carrier-less EQS-HBC data transfer maximizes the information capacity of the channel compared to the narrowband signaling (NB-HBC), as it utilizes the full bandwidth instead of a fractional-bandwidth around a carrier frequency. Correspondingly, to achieve the same data rate, wireless signals as well as NB- HBC need to choose a high enough carrier frequency (fc) so that the fractional BW at that frequency equals the EQS human body communication capacity. The high fc leads to higher EM leakage and hence NB-HBC lacks the inherent physical security.
Steganography is a form of covert communication which hides the transmitted data from a third party even without encryption. In the context of wireless communications, spread spectrum techniques to hide information in channel noise have been explored which comes at the expense of extra communication energy32. Analogously, while the EQS-HBC transmitted signals suffer low loss, the leaked EQS-HBC signals are concealed within noise for an attacker, thereby showing promise to enable covert steganographic communication in the form of an inherent physical layer security.
In traditional WBANs, the transmitter radios are designed to transmit data wirelessly as far as possible over air, instead of restricting the transmission to the body, which makes it inherently insecure. Even in presence of encryption, there have been several vulnerabilities of different radio protocols for wearable and implantable devices33.
In the case of EQS-HBC, although the transmitted broadband signal suffers loss due to the weak capacitive return path between the transmitter and the receiver34, the loss is significantly lower than wireless signal propagation. Hence the received signal can be reliably decoded by an interference-robust receiver35,36. From the security perspective of EQS-HBC, if it can confine the data transmission within the human body, it would enable a form of physical layer security, which is presently non-existent in WBANs. Thus, the data transmission would be fully secure from an external malicious attacker. The adversary needs to be in direct physical contact with or almost touching the person to gather any EQS-HBC data. This will enable secure and covert communication without any overhead, with orders of magnitude lower energy than WBAN, which is currently non-existent. EQS-HBC introduces a basis for physical security. An additional layer of mathematical security (i.e. encryption) may or may not be added depending on the application scenario and trust factors. For instance, if it can be ensured that an adversary cannot touch the human without his/her knowledge during EQS-HBC, no additional encryption will be necessary.
As shown in Fig. 2, the EQS-HBC transmit electrode is coupled to the human forearm (device arm). The transmitter (microcontroller) is excited with a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) at 1 MHz, and using an oscilloscope and a telescopic antenna, the auto-correlation (\(\rho \)) between the known PRBS data sequence and the QSL signal is measured with varying distances (d) away from the body and two angles (\(\theta =0^\circ \): parallel to the antenna, \(\,\theta =90^\circ \): perpendicular to the antenna) between the device hand and the antenna, as shown in Fig. 2(a). Next, the QS leakage from the free hand is measured with varying distances between the free hand and the antenna connected to the oscilloscope (Fig. 2(b)).
The above observations prove that the human body itself does not leak, but the EQS-HBC transmitter is the source of the QS leakage. However, this experiment does not provide conclusive proof if the transmitter itself leaks the signals. 152ee80cbc
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