Farm Hack is a community of individuals interested in developing and sharing open-source tools for a resilient agriculture. Not only does this collaboration make farming easier, but it has the potential to drastically improve our environment and the world we live in.

The first participants of Farm Hack events were not only farmers but people with common interests who had started to make the connection that improving agriculture is a shared human endeavor. The participants continued to find common ground between engineers, roboticists, designers, architects, fabricators, tinkerers, programmers, and hackers, as well as everyone participating in the wider food system. The work of Farm Hack was based on the idea that agricultural interests are a collective effort; that if we could provide a place to organize and exchange, then the ideas, inspiration, and reciprocity would flow from there. From the beginning, it was never a requirement for participants to have a farm or specialized skills to join the forum or attend an event. Farm Hack is a participatory and cumulative project that is only as strong as the exchange of ideas that flow from interactions, online or offline. And strong it is because, as we will see, Farm Hack formed the foundation of later, larger-scale efforts such as OpenTEAM.

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From the beginning, Farm Hack operated as a community, a civically informed and independent citizenry working together toward the common good. What could generate more independence than the ability to understand and improve our agroecosystems in order to feed and fuel ourselves without reliance on proprietary interests? Farm Hack, at its core, was based on an idea about how communities can translate and share questions and knowledge through both conversations online and in person. It was a test of the core belief that we all become better farmers and better citizens when we work together. The politics of the tools created by Farm Hack focus on parts of the technical ecosystem that can be distributed, created, and managed locally rather than on the things needed to be purchased to achieve more independence.

Resilience is a program of Post Carbon Institute, a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping the world transition away from fossil fuels and build sustainable, resilient communities.

The WFE sponsors young people from other nations who travel to the US as well as sends young people from the US to foreign nations. The vast majority of participants, however, are individuals coming to the United States. In 2009 farmers from 38 different countries took part in the exchange program, including Argentina, Brazil, Cambodia, China, England, France, Ghana, Moldova, the Philippines, South Africa, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

The Worldwide Farmers Exchange is currently looking for host farms to participate in this program. If you or anyone you know would be interested in sponsoring a young farmer from another country for a year, this is an excellent opportunity for a cross-cultural exchange. The participants are eager to learn new skills, especially in sustainable farming and animal husbandry. They are very hard workers and will be an asset to the host families. While the host family does pay a stipend, medical insurance and free housing for the year, in exchange they can provide the gift of assisting not only their apprentice but usually an entire community. The WFE welcomes any possible hosts in tropical regions as there is a big demand for training opportunities for young people in Africa, Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea.

You can learn more about Worldwide Farmers Exchange by going to their site. If you have questions or would like to participate in a program where you will definitely get more back than you give, please contact Chris Barden at worldwidefarmers@gmail.com.

While farming is an ancient practice, farmers are hardly immune to technological advancements. In fact, farmers are among the most susceptible groups when it comes to software propriety, as much of the equipment used on farms requires consistent maintenance.

Throughout the American heartland, disgruntled farmers are using firmware sourced from Eastern Europe to break into their own tractors. The firmware is traded on the black market, accessible on paid, invite-only forums.

The online forums that provide the pirated John Deere firmware are difficult to access and usually require a code to join. Once granted permission, farmers are introduced to a wide range of programming for sale, mostly from countries like the Ukraine and Poland.

Diagnostic programs, payload files, and Electronic Data Link (EDL) servers that communicate with tractor controllers are among the firmware being traded on these sites. There are also license key generators, speed-limit modifiers, and reverse-engineered cables that allow farmers to operate their tractor with connection to a computer.

Scratch grain, rather than being fed with a heavy hand to pare down mash consumption and feed costs should be used as not much more than a treat fed for a very short time each day. Grain to a chicken is like ice cream to an old farmer and they will fill up on it if it is freely offered. The result is that they will not eat enough of the complete laying ration to assure good egg production and body condition.

The old joke is that the intellectual properties of the chicken are such that it wakes up in a whole new world every day, but new introductions must be monitored carefully. Ahead of adding birds, some will try to break up the pecking order by removing the two most dominant hens to be reintroduced later. There should be sufficient space for chased birds to have a place to escape to, and some birds may never make a successful transition.

To avoid the draconian locks that John Deere puts on the tractors they buy, farmers throughout America's heartland have started hacking their equipment with firmware that's cracked in Eastern Europe and traded on invite-only, paid online forums. Tractor hacking is growing increasingly popular because John Deere and other manufacturers have made it impossible to perform "unauthorized" repair on farm equipment, which farmers see as an attack on their sovereignty and quite possibly an existential threat to their livelihood if their tractor breaks at an inopportune time.

"When crunch time comes and we break down, chances are we don't have time to wait for a dealership employee to show up and fix it," Danny Kluthe, a hog farmer in Nebraska, told his state legislature earlier this month. "Most all the new equipment [requires] a download [to fix]."

The nightmare scenario, and a fear I heard expressed over and over again in talking with farmers, is that John Deere could remotely shut down a tractor and there wouldn't be anything a farmer could do about it.

Kenney and Kluthe have been pushing for right-to-repair legislation in Nebraska that would invalidate John Deere's license agreement (seven other states are considering similar bills). In the meantime, farmers have started hacking their machines because even simple repairs are made impossible by the embedded software within the tractor. John Deere is one of the staunchest opponents of this legislation.

Once I was on it, I found dozens of threads from farmers desperate to fix and modify their own tractors. According to people on the forums and the farmers who use it, much of the software is cracked in Eastern European countries such as Poland and Ukraine and then sold back to farmers in the United States.

It's no surprise, then, that John Deere started requiring farmers to sign licensing agreements around the time the exemption went into effect. Violation of the agreement would be considered a breach of contract rather than a federal copyright violation, meaning John Deere would have to sue its own customers if it wants the contract to be enforced. I asked John Deere specifically about the fact that a software black market has cropped up for its tractors, but the company instead said that there are no repair problems for John Deere customers.

It's quite simple, really. John Deere sold farmers their tractors, but has used software to maintain control of every aspect of its use after the sale. Kluthe, for example, uses pig manure to power his tractor, which requires engine modifications that would likely violate John Deere's terms of service on newer machines.

"What happens in 20 years when there's a new tractor out and John Deere doesn't want to fix these anymore?" the farmer using Ukrainian software told me. "Are we supposed to throw the tractor in the garbage, or what?"

It's well known that most cocoa farmers live in extreme poverty. There are about 2 million small-scale farmers in Ghana and Ivory Coast, the West African countries that produce at least 70 percent of the world's cocoa beans. The average cocoa farmer in Ghana earns 84 cents a day, while the average small farmer in Ivory Coast earns just 50 cents a day, according to the Barometer.

I met two women cocoa farmers at the World Cocoa Foundation's meeting in Washington, D.C., this week. Assata Doumbia tells me (in French, through a translator) that she and her husband are both in ECAM, a cooperative of 900 farmers in Ivory Coast, and that their income is "extremely low, almost nothing." What little they do earn goes straight to her husband.

In addition to the low wages, the Barometer cites human rights violations and child labor as other serious problems on West African cocoa farms. (If you haven't seen it, check out the YouTube video of Ivory Coast cacao farmers enjoying chocolate for the very first time.)

"There is a concern about whether incentives are in place, whether the training and input will be there to attract the next generation," Guyton says. "There are a lot of land tenure issues, too. Farms are getting smaller as farmers pass on land to multiple children."

Guyton says WCF is hoping to shore up production with a new strategy aimed at 300,000 farmers in Ghana and Ivory Coast. Called CocoaAction, the plan aims to help farmers improve their yields by helping them get better access to fertilizer and seedlings for new trees so that they can earn higher incomes. "And we're looking at how we can do a better job working with African governments and incentiving young people to continue on in cocoa farming," Guyton says. be457b7860

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