Earthquake Radar [UPDATED]

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Earthquake Radar

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Earthquakes can be so strong that they destroy entire cities and cause tsunamis, landslides and even volcanic eruptions. The seismic activity of a particular region is determined by the frequency, nature and magnitude of earthquakes over a certain period of time. Earthquakes are measured with seizmometri. The Richter scale is most commonly used.

The earthquakes are divided by their origin into tectonic and volcanic. The depth of the Hipocentra is divided into shoals (up to 100 km), intermediate (from 100 to 300 km) and deep earthquakes (from 300 to 700 km). The most destructive are the flat tectonic earthquakes.

The most popular scale of energy evaluation in earthquakes is the local scale of the Richter magnitude. Thus, the increase is a degree of magnitude of the 32-fold increase in the released seismic energy. An earthquake of magnitude 2 is subtle until the magnitude 7 is the lower limit of destructive earthquakes that cover large areas.

On 25 April, a 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck Nepal, claiming over 5000 lives and affecting millions of people. Satellite images are being used to support emergency aid organisations, while geo-scientists are using satellite measurements to analyse the effects of the earthquake on the land.

Sentinel-1A is the first satellite for the Copernicus environment-monitoring programme led by the European Commission. Its all-weather, day-or-night radar imagery is particularly suited to support impact assessment for many types of geohazards. The satellite is planned to provide systematic observations of tectonic and volcanic areas at global level.

North Carolina has its share of earthquakes, but large, damaging seismic events are infrequent in our state. As you can see from the earthquake map, these seismic events originate in our state and surrounding states (fig. 24).

Circles and squares represent earthquake epicenters and bigger symbols represent larger magnitude earthquakes. The effects of an earthquake cover a much larger area than the location of the dot or epicenter.

The long cluster of circles stretching from Tennessee through the edge of western North Carolina into northern Georgia is known as the Eastern Tennessee seismic zone, or earthquake zone. Scientists are studying this area to determine why so many earthquakes happen here. There are also small clusters of earthquakes in other areas of the southeast. On Dec. 9, 2003, a 4.5 magnitude earthquake near Richmond, Va., was felt in areas of Raleigh. This earthquake occurred in the Central Virginia seismic zone. The 1886 Charleston earthquake occurred in the Charleston, S.C., seismic zone. It is very important to realize that even though North Carolina and the east coast of the United States experience occasional earthquakes, this area is not a seismically active area like California and the West Coast. In California there are many active faults where large, damaging earthquakes occur frequently. In contrast, there are no active fault zones in North Carolina. Earthquakes are more frequent in the western part of our state, but statewide they are relatively small, random and scattered events.

There have been a few strong earthquakes in our mountain region in the last 100 years. As referenced in the United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1527, in 1916 there was a magnitude 5.2 earthquake, with an intensity of VII (7) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, near Skyland in Buncombe County (fig. 26).

This earthquake was felt up and down the East Coast and throughout the Midwest. It was the most damaging earthquake in the Southeast and one of the largest earthquakes in the eastern United States in historical times. Compare the area affected by the Charleston earthquake to the area covered by the 1916 North Carolina earthquake. Here in North Carolina the effects of the Charleston 1886 earthquake ranged from a V (5) to VII (7) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Earthquakes happen every day around the world. We do not hear about most of them in the news because they are small or they shake isolated areas where few people live.

Things to consider:

Although strong earthquakes here in North Carolina are infrequent, proper construction techniques need to be followed. An earthquake of magnitude 5 or greater could block major transportation routes in the mountains and cause structural damage elsewhere.

How this affects you:

Many of the larger earthquakes in North Carolina occurred when the state was more rural. Recent development includes buildings and infrastructure such as road and power networks. Modern building codes take into account the possibility of an earthquake but many older buildings were not constructed to withstand violent shaking.

The topography surrounding the Laguna Salada Fault in the Mexican state of Baja, California, is well shown in this combined radar image and topographic view generated with data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). On April 4, 2010, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck along this fault about 64 kilometers (40 miles) south of the Mexico-United States border.

According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the earthquake was the largest event to strike this area since 1892. This fault is a probable southern continuation of the Elsinore Fault Zone in Southern California, and is related to the San Andreas fault zone complex. Aftershocks since the major event have appeared to extend in both directions along this fault system from the epicenter, marked by the red star.

This image combines a radar image acquired in February 2000 during SRTM, and color-coding by topographic height using data from the same mission. Dark green colors indicate low elevations, rising through yellow and tan, to white at the highest elevations.

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission flew aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour, launched on Feb. 11, 2000. SRTM used the same radar instrument that comprised the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) that flew twice on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1994. SRTM was designed to collect 3-D measurements of Earth's surface. To collect the 3-D data, engineers added a 60-meter (approximately 200-foot) mast, installed additional C-band and X-band antennas, and improved tracking and navigation devices. The mission is a cooperative project between NASA, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) of the U.S. Department of Defense and the German and Italian space agencies. It is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C.

A huge earthquake killed at least 1,700 people and injured thousands more on Monday in central Turkey and northwest Syria, flattening apartment blocks and heaping more destruction on Syrian cities already devastated by years of war.

Scatter plot graphic that shows most earthquakes in Turkey and Syria 5 and 6 but nearly 100 have occurred with magnitudes between 6 and 7 with the highest being an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 in 1939 in Erzincan, Turkey.

Note: Magnitude measures the size of the seismic waves generated by an earthquake and not the strength. The scale is logarithmic, meaning a whole number increase in magnitude represents a 10-fold jump in the size of the earthquake.

A member of Search and Rescue Association (AKUT) with a sniffer dog searches survivors at the site of a collapsed building following an earthquake in Adana, Turkey February 6, 2023. REUTERS/Cagla Gurdogan

The Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Geological Survey provides an interactive map of earthquake epicenters and magnitudes for past earthquakes in Ohio. For each earthquake, users can click on the symbol to find out specific information and access a full earthquake report. The map also uses star icons to indicate the location of seismic stations throughout Ohio. By clicking on the star icon, users can learn more about where the seismic station is housed and who the designated contact is for each station.

The Advanced Rapid Imaging and Analysis (ARIA) team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, created this Damage Proxy Map (DPM) depicting areas of Southern Mexico that are likely damaged as a result of the M8.1 September 7, 2017 (near midnight local time, early morning on 8th UTC) Chiapas earthquake, shown by red and yellow pixels. The map is derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the Copernicus Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites, operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), taken before (September 7, 2017 UTC) and after (September 13, 2017 UTC) the earthquake. The map covers an area of 155 by 106 miles (250 by 170 kilometers). Each pixel measures about 33 yards (30 meters) across. The color variation from yellow to red indicates increasingly more significant ground surface change. Preliminary validation was done by comparing to optical satellite imagery by the DigitalGlobe. This damage proxy map should be used as guidance to identify damaged areas, and may be less reliable over vegetated areas. Sentinel-1 data were accessed through the Copernicus Open Access Hub. Image contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2017), processed by ESA and analyzed by NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA team. This research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.pernicus Sentinel data (2017), processed by ESA and analyzed by NASA-JPL/S.Yun (Project PI under NASA Disasters Program). Data processing: NASA-JPL/Caltech ARIA team. ff782bc1db