PHARMACOLOGY

ANTIBIOTICS

  Moxifloxacin eye drops 0.5% and tablet (400 mg once daily)

Tobramycin 0.3% eye drops and oint

ofloxacin 0.3% eye drops and oint

chloramphenicol 1% eye drops and ointment

Ciprofloxacin 0.3% eye drops and tablet (500mg twice a day)

Fortified tobramycin eye drops: Add 2 ml of tobramycin injection (40mg/ml) injection into commercially available 5 ml of tobramycin eye drops (0.3%) . Refrigerate for 2 weeks. Final concentration is 15mg/ml (1.5%)

Fortified cefazolin eye drops: Add 2.5 ml distill water to 500mg of injection cefazolin and then add to 7.5ml of artificial tears. Refrigerate for 4 days. Final concentration is  50 mg/ml (5%)

  Fortified vancomycin eye drops: Same as cefazolin

Fortified ceftazidime eye drops: Same as cefazolin

Intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime: Add 10 ml distill water to 500mg of injection. Take 1 ml of it and dilute with 1.5 ml distill water. Take 0.1ml of it. It is 2 mg/0.1ml. Refrigerate for 2 weeks

Cholorhexidine eye dorps 0.02 % prepared from mouth wash clinca 0.2% BY adding 9ml of water in 1ml of 0.2% chlorehexidine. The final concentration is 0.02%.

Natamycin eye drops 5%: only commercially available antifungal eye drop

Fluconazole eye drops: prepared from parenteral injection of fluconazole 2mg/ml. No dilution required and used as such

Amphotericin B eye drops 2mg/ml: prepared from parenteral injection. Availability is a problem

• Method

• Reconstitute the Amphotericin vial with 10mL of sterile water for injection. 

• Shake well and allow colloidal dispersion to occur. Withdraw 4mL and transfer to sterile ophthalmic container 

• Shelf-life: Refrigerate 7 days and shake well before instillation

Topical voriconazole eye drops 1%

 Method: Voriconazole powder (200 mg) was reconstituted with 19 ml of water for injections in order to obtain 20ml of a 10-mg/ml voriconazole solution: Voriconazole eyedrops (1%)

• Storage: Refrigerate at 4°C and shake well before instillation

Acyclovir eye ointment: Given 5 times a day

Mechanism of action: Inhibits viral DNA polymerase.

Prednisolone acetate eye drops: strongest steroid eye drops

Dexamethasone eye drops

Fluorometholone eye drops: weak steroids, do not raise intraocular pressure.

Lotepred eye drops: weak steroids. Do not raise IOP

Injection triamcinolone: Uses are in 

1. intralesional in chalazion: Dose is 0.1ml of 40 mg/ml

2. posterior subtenon in vitritis and cystoid macular edema. Dose is 20mg/0.5ml 

3. intralesional in capillary hemangioma: Dose is 1 to 2 mg/kg of body weight (maximum of 60 mg). 

4. and intravitreal in cystoid macular edema: dose is 4 mg/0.1ml

A mydriatic eye drops dilates pupil while cycloplegic causes paralysis of ciliary body

• Tropicamide eye drops: Used for dilation to examine fundus. The effect starts in half an hour and remain for 4 to 6 hours

• cyclopentolate eye drops: Used for cycloplegic refraction in young children. Duration of action is 1 hour to 48 hour

• Atropine eye drops: Most potent. Also available as ointment. Duration of action is from half an hour to two weeks.

• Mydricaine injection: o.1 ml each of atropine, 0.1ml adrenaline and 0.1ml lignocaine: Use is to break posterior synechiae in uveitis.

• Atropine Eye drops concentration to prevent myopia in young children dose ?

Used in pterygium surgery and glaucoma surgery (trabeculectomy)

Preparation FOR TRABECULECTOMY: 

2mg vial: Add 5ml of water ( 0.4 mg/ml ) or Add 10 ml water ( 0.2 mg/ml )

10 mg vial: add 5 ml water. Take 1 ml of it and add 10 ml water ( 0.2 ml)

PREPARATION OF EYE DROPS FOR PTERYGIUM: 

2 mg vial: add 10 ml distal water. Take 1 ml and add another 10 ml

MOA: Alkylation of DNA. Alkylating agents are compounds that work by adding an alkyl group to the guanine base of the DNA molecule, preventing the strands of the double helix from linking as they should. This causes breakage of the DNA strands, affecting the ability of the cancer cell to multiply