Their mouths and gills form a powerful vacuum that pulls their prey in from a distance. They also use their mouths to dig into sand to form their shelters under big rocks, jetting it out through their gills.[citation needed]
Research indicates roving coralgroupers (Plectropomus pessuliferus) sometimes cooperate with giant morays in hunting.[4] Groupers are also one of the only animals that eat invasive red lionfish.[5]
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In Australia, "groper" is used instead of "grouper" for several species, such as the Queensland grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). In New Zealand, "groper" refers to a type of wreckfish, Polyprion oxygeneios, which goes by the name hapuka (from the Mori language hpuku).[8] In the Philippines, groupers are generally known as lapu-lapu in Luzon, while in the Visayas and Mindanao they are known as pugapo.[9][10] Its Indonesian name is kerapu. In the Middle East, the fish is known as 'hammour', and is widely eaten, especially in the Persian Gulf region.[11][12] In Latin America, the fish is known as 'mero'.
The species in the tribes Grammistini and Diploprionini secrete a mucus-like toxin in their skin called grammistin, and when they are confined in a restricted space and subjected to stress, the mucus produces a foam that is toxic to nearby fish. These fishes are often called soapfishes. They have been classified either as their own families or within subfamilies,[13] although the fifth Edition of the Fishes of the World classifies these two groups as tribes within the subfamily Epinephelinae.[14]
Groupers are mostly monandric protogynous hermaphrodites, i.e., they mature only as females and can change sex after sexual maturity.[16][17] Some species of groupers grow about a kilogram per year and are generally adolescents until they reach three kilograms when they become female. The largest males often control harems containing three to 15 females.[16][18] Groupers often pair spawn, which enables large males to competitively exclude smaller males from reproducing.[16][19][20][21] As such, if a small female grouper were to change sex before it could control a harem as a male, its fitness would decrease.[19][20][21] If no male is available, the largest female that can increase fitness by changing sex will do so.[20]
However, some groupers are gonochoristic.[16] Gonochorism, or a reproductive strategy with two distinct sexes, has evolved independently in groupers at least five times.[16] The evolution of gonochorism is linked to group spawning high amounts of habitat cover.[16][20][22] Both group spawning and habitat cover increase the likelihood of a smaller male reproducing in the presence of large males. The fitness of male groupers in environments where competitive exclusion of smaller males is impossible is correlated with sperm production and thus testicle size.[18][20][23] Gonochoristic groupers have larger testes than protogynous groupers (10% of body mass compared to 1% of body mass), indicating the evolution of gonochorism increased male grouper fitness in environments where large males were unable to competitively exclude small males from reproducing.[18]
Like other fish, groupers harbor parasites, including digeneans,[24] nematodes, cestodes, monogeneans, isopods, and copepods. A study conducted in New Caledonia has shown that coral reef-associated groupers have about ten species of parasites per fish species.[25] Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus, monogeneans of the family Diplectanidae are typical of and especially numerous on groupers.[citation needed]
Many groupers are important food fish; some are now farmed. Unlike most other fish species, which are chilled or frozen, groupers are usually sold alive in markets.[26] Many species are popular game fish for sea-angling. Some species are small enough to be kept in aquaria, though even the small species are inclined to grow rapidly. [citation needed]
Groupers are commonly reported as a source of ciguatera fish poisoning.[27] DNA barcoding of grouper species might help control Ciguatera fish poisoning since fish are easily identified, even from meal remnants, with molecular tools.[28]
Malaysian newspaper The Star reported a 180 kg (400 lb) grouper being caught off the waters near Pulau Sembilan in the Strait of Malacca in January 2008.[29] Shenzhen News in China reported that a 1.8 m (6 ft) grouper swallowed a 1.0 m (3 ft 3 in) whitetip reef shark at the Fuzhou Sea World aquarium.[30]
Several species of Gulf grouper (red, black, scamp, yellowfin and yellowmouth) are closed Feb. 1-March 31 seaward of the 20-fathom break. Recreational anglers are encouraged to use electronic charting equipment to plot the 20-fathom break by entering the established coordinates listed on the map below into a route.
Monroe County: Several species of Atlantic grouper (red, black, yellowfin, yellowmouth, scamp, rock hind, red hind, coney and graysby) are closed Jan. 1 - April 30 in all state and federal waters of the Atlantic including all state waters off Monroe County (Atlantic and Gulf sides). During this closure, anglers can harvest grouper in open federal waters of the Gulf and return to port in Monroe County by traveling through closed state waters of the Atlantic as long as the vessel proceeds directly to port without stopping to fish.
As far as anatomy is concerned, snowy grouper are very similar in shape and size as other grouper. Their spots give them their name and set them apart from the other species. Snowy grouper are a deep drop species that inhabit much deeper areas than their other grouper relatives. I've caught snowy grouper as shallow as 250 feet but most of my good spots are 350-650 feet. As far as structure is concerned, snowy's like rocky bottom. Most of the water in 350-650 feet off Miami is mud so it definitely takes some looking around to find the right spots. If you do however, they can be pretty reliable as long as you don't try to catch too many. Like most deep drop fish and benthic species, these fish are slow to grow and reproduce.
Manual rigs can be a bit difficult to employ while deep dropping, especially when you are jumping from spot to spot. Snowy grouper are hard fighters but a rig with 80lb braid and 80+lb leader should do the trick. 50 lb class electric reels are ideal for deep dropping but many anglers decide to just go with overkill and use an LP or Hooker Electric. Either way, electric reels are far more efficient for plying the depths for snowy grouper.
"Deep dropping" with Chicken Rigs is the primary technique for getting down to snowy grouper. Because of the depth, electric reels are standard for targeting snowy's though we have caught them manually. 5 pounds of lead is usually the way to go. For chicken rigs we like to use 130lb pound test with 3-5 hooks and a light. Whole squid and bonito strips seem to work really well for producing bites. Snowy grouper are seasonal and have a poor survival rate when released due to air bladder inflation and the extreme depth. With this being said, it is best to only target them during the season and plan to keep them. They are absolutely delicious.
Knowing that grouper and most other bottom fish seek comfort in structure when the feel threatened, we need to account for the fact that there will be break-offs in our decision for how we make our leader assemblies.
Simply sliding the weight onto the main line and then tying that to a swivel (or direct line-to-leader knot) that stops the weight from sliding all the way to the hook without blocking the weight from sliding up the line can be a great choice.
So my preference is to set up the overall line system to have the weakest point be the knot that goes directly to the hook while also beefing up the line most exposed to getting weakened from bumping rough patches on the bottom (directly above the weight).
And given their popularity, we need to pay extra attention to take the best possible care of them so our future generations can continue to enjoy this great game fish as well as other structure oriented species that also be harmed by poorly designed leader rigs.
Great info on tying knots ! Who thought up this stuff anyway! ????
Moved down from Michigan to Cape Coral last October and want to get in to saltwater fishing!
Went out a couple of times with a friend and love it ! Just too bad the water quality sucks right now !
In terms of the hook to leader knot, any reason to not use a snell knot when using a circle hook? I understand and appreciate your logic with the Kreh loop knot being the weakest link in the grouper rig. Is a snell knot simply stronger than the Kreh loop knot?
I would use a loop knot for live bait to give them freedom of movement and a snelled hook for dead bait (no need for freedom of movement). In the Insider course for Mangrove Snapper by Capt Hubbard, he uses double snelled hooks for deadbait.
The weak point can be customized based on the knot strengths being used. For my grouper rigs, I purposefully use weaker knots on the final connection to the lure so that the breaking point is roughly the same as the mainline.
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It was a good thing considering I had already booked a three-quarter day grouper fishing with my friend Capt. Ed Walker for Thanksgiving Day. That part of seeing her parents for Thanksgiving had to wait a day. But I didn't fear too much resistance because I'd be fishing with her father and brother in-law.
I lived in the St. Petersburg area for 14 years and always wanted to target the fall time inshore gag grouper bite. Each October when the water temperature starts to drop, beginning at 76 degrees and peaking at 70 degrees, the gags begin to show up on the inshore rock piles of the northern Suncoast, ranging in depth from a super-shallow 8 feet to 20 feet. 152ee80cbc
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