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This goal has a lot of avenues to complete it, as looting structures, trading with villagers, and manually crafting the necessary materials are all viable depending on your situation. There are 3 ways to use cartography tables, which use 3 different secondary materials: 

The goal can be completed using both maps and explorer maps, but remember that explorer maps cannot be zoomed out.

Savanna villages by far have the highest distribution of Cartography Tables, the data below is taken from Sam's simulations which can be seen here. It is more likely than not that a Savanna village will have a Cartography Table; in Deserts it's a 50/50. 

Savanna Village 68.3%

Desert Village 47.8%

Taiga Village 35.4%

Snowy Village 22.7%

Plains Village 18.6%

These are the particular houses to look out for. You can test yourself on learning the village houses here. All of the houses apart from the Desert Cartographer have a chest.

NO CHEST CHEST CHEST CHEST CHEST

You can either craft a Map yourself, or find an empty Map or Explorer Map. Explorer Maps point to a specific structure and behave slightly differently to Maps.

The crafting recipe for a Map requires 8 paper and 1 compass. 

Compasses can be found in Abandoned Camps (common chests), Shipwreck map chests (but see below), Village Cartographer Houses (all except Desert), Ancient Cities, and rarely in Trial Chamber intersection barrels. They can otherwise be crafted from 4 iron and 1 redstone. If you are in a village and low on emeralds (see below), you could trade with a cleric for the redstone and kill the golem for the iron. 

Abandoned Camps are a good source of maps, as every Chest and Copper Chest will have an Explorer Map (as well as also a chance for empty maps), though the Barrels do not help at all. 

Shipwreck map chests also have a Buried Treasure Explorer Map, but it should be noted that if the chest cannot find the relevant structure in a certain range then in 26.3 no map at all will generate in the chest. This differs to previous versions where it would have an empty Map. This also applies to Ocean Ruins, both chests are near to a 40% chance to have a Buried Treasure Explorer Map.

Non-Explorer maps can be found in Village Cartographer chests (all except Desert), Abandoned Camps (only in the same chests as the Explorer Maps, but still relevant for Cloning or if the Explorer Map didn't appear), and Shipwreck Map chests (same relevance as above with the BT map). 

If you are in a village, you can also trade a Novice Cartographer 7 emeralds for an empty map (this is a guaranteed trade, so no rerolling is needed). This overlaps well with other Village goals like Obtain Emerald Block. 

A cartography table can perform 3 actions on maps, or 2 on explorer maps, using 3 different secondary materials:

Zooming out a map requires a non-explorer map. This is often the easiest, and if you crafted the Cartography Table or Map yourself using Sugar Cane, you will have 1-2 paper left over anyway. If you have an explorer map, you need to be looking at the other two options.

Locking is the go-to option for explorer maps, and only requires smelting 6 sands for a glass pane, which is easy to find near your shipwreck. Any silk touch tool from an RP can be used to mine village windows as a smelting skip.

Inland Abandoned Camps might be difficult if you don't get an empty Map as well. Just bear that in mind if you are hoping to send a camp for this goal without sand.

Cloning a map might seem worthless at first glance, as you could just turn the empty map into a map and zoom it out, but can be valid in some situations. 

For example, a cartographer house chest can contain 2 empty maps but no paper, in which case you can instantly get the goal by cloning one of the maps. Or you could have found an explorer map and an empty map in an Abandoned Camp, before heading to a village with a cartographer house. 

If you do this with 2 empty maps, you right click one of them to use it, then you can clone it. If you use both of them, you can no longer duplicate.