From:
Cows
Horses
Donkeys
(Mules)
Llamas
Trader Llamas
Mooshroom
Leather is a 0-2 drop, each on a ⅓ chance. This means on average, you will get 1 leather per mob killed. The chance of getting at least 1 leather per animal is 66.7%.
Hoglins have a 50% chance to drop 1 leather, meaning on average you will get 1 leather per 2 hoglins killed.
Spawning
Cows will always attempt to spawn in groups of 4. They are weighted highest in forests, specifically Birch and Dark Oak, with jungles, taigas and savannas being weighted lowest.
Horses spawn in plains, savannas and animal pens/stables in villages. Their spawn weight is much greater in plains than savannas, they spawn in groups of 2-6 and 20% spawn as babies.
Donkeys most frequently spawn in Meadows in groups of 1-2 but it is possible for them to spawn in Savannas and Plains in groups 1-3.
Llamas will try to spawn in groups of 4 in savanna plateaus, and 4-6 in Windswept hills, gravelly hills and forests.
Since Desert Temples have 4 chests, you will get on average 2.916 leather per Desert Temple.
These chests are useful for adding to your supplies of leather, but they will usually not surpass killing mobs or going to a bastion.
In Vanilla Minecraft, Piglins have an 8.53% chance to barter 2-4 leather when given 1 gold ingot. However, bear in mind that this is affected due to Draftout still using boosted pearl trades. In the first 144 trades (16 gold blocks) you should get on average 35.83 leather.