Rathore, J., Kumari, S., Tripathy, P., Mahto, S. S., & Lal, P. (2025). 2024 Brazil Floods: Mapping the extent and impacts in Eastern Rio Grande do Sul using geospatial techniques. Natural Hazards Research. 

Fig 2. (a) Satellite-based observed daily precipitation (mm) over the region bounded by -55°W to -50°W, and -31°S to -28°S (dotted black line in (b)). (b) Cumulative rainfall from April 1 to May 15, 2024 (blue), and its climatology (black) for the study area. (c-d) The extent of accumulated precipitation (mm) and their percentiles from April 1 - May 15, 2024, respectively. The cyan dot marks the location of the capital city, Porto Alegre. 

Fig 4. Map showing the flooded Jacuí River west of Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. (a) 10 m land cover map over the study region, with different land cover types and overlaid flood extent. (b–d) Zoomed-in land cover maps highlighting different affected areas. (e) Flood extent map overlaid on OpenStreetMap (OSM) basemap, with (f–h) showing corresponding zoomed-in views of flood-affected areas. (i) Gridded population density map illustrating the distribution of population exposure in the region. (j) Close-up view of flood-affected population density and a pie chart showing the share of flood-affected land cover types.