Dr Najeeb Embryology Lectures 13: Development of the Nervous System
In this lecture, Dr Najeeb explains the development of the nervous system, from the formation of the neural tube to the differentiation of the brain and spinal cord. He also covers the major events and structures involved in the development of the nervous system, such as the neural crest cells, the neural plate, the neural groove, the neural folds, the somites, the notochord, the primary and secondary brain vesicles, and the cranial and spinal nerves. He uses hand-drawn illustrations on a whiteboard to make the concepts clear and easy to understand.
Dr Najeeb Embryology Lectures 13
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The development of the nervous system is a complex and fascinating process that involves many steps and interactions. The nervous system is derived from the ectoderm, which is one of the three primary germ layers that form during gastrulation. The ectoderm gives rise to the neural plate, which is a thickened area of cells that will become the nervous system. The neural plate then invaginates to form the neural groove, which is flanked by the neural folds. The neural folds eventually fuse to form the neural tube, which is the precursor of the brain and spinal cord. The neural tube also separates from the ectoderm and forms its own cavity, called the neural canal.
The neural tube undergoes regional specialization and differentiation to form the different parts of the brain and spinal cord. The anterior end of the neural tube expands to form three primary brain vesicles: the prosencephalon (forebrain), the mesencephalon (midbrain), and the rhombencephalon (hindbrain). These vesicles further divide into secondary brain vesicles, which give rise to specific regions of the brain, such as the telencephalon, the diencephalon, the metencephalon, and the myelencephalon. The posterior part of the neural tube remains as the spinal cord, which extends from the brainstem to the lower back.
The development of the nervous system also involves the formation of the neural crest cells, which are a population of multipotent cells that originate from the border of the neural plate. The neural crest cells migrate to different locations in the body and differentiate into various cell types, such as neurons, glia, melanocytes, adrenal medulla cells, and craniofacial cartilage and bone. The neural crest cells also contribute to the formation of the peripheral nervous system, which consists of the cranial and spinal nerves and their associated ganglia. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to the rest of the body and mediates sensory and motor functions.
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