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Publishing is the activity of making information, literature, music, software, and other content available to the public for sale or for free.[1] Traditionally, the term refers to the creation and distribution of printed works, such as books, comic books, newspapers, and magazines. With the advent of digital information systems, the scope has expanded to include digital publishing such as ebooks, digital magazines, websites, social media, music, and video game publishing.

The commercial publishing industry ranges from large multinational conglomerates such as News Corp, Pearson, Penguin Random House, and Thomson Reuters,[2] to major retail brands and thousands of small independent publishers. It has various divisions such as trade/retail publishing of fiction and non-fiction, educational publishing, and academic and scientific publishing.[3] Publishing is also undertaken by governments, civil society, and private companies for administrative or compliance requirements, business, research, advocacy, or public interest objectives.[4] This can include annual reports, research reports, market research, policy briefings, and technical reports. Self-publishing has become very common.

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A journal is an academic or technical publication also available in digital formats, containing articles written by researchers, professors, and experts. These publications are specific in a particular field and often push the boundaries of human knowledge. They normally have peer review processes before publishing to test the validity and quality of the content.[8]

The global book publishing industry consists of books that are categorized into either fiction or non-fiction and print, ebook, or audiobook. The market for books is huge with around 1.5 billion people speaking English,[9] with translation services easily accessible to access the rest. The best content gets sold as TV and film rights.[peacock prose] Self-publishing makes publishing accessible to everyone either with small print-run digital printing or online self-publishing platforms. E-reader screen technology continues to improve with increased contrast and resolution making them more comfortable to read. Each book has a registered ISBN number to identify it.

A textbook is an educational book or an ebook containing knowledge about a particular subject that is used by people studying certain subjects.[10] Textbook publishing continues to be needed due to the global need for education.[11][12] Textbooks from major publishers are being integrated with learning platforms for expert knowledge and access to a library of books with digital content.[13] A university press is an academic publisher run by a university. Oxford University Press is the largest in the world and specializes in research, education, and English language teaching internationally.[14]

Advertising can provide income or a subsidized income for publishers. If there is a return on investment (ROI) from the advertising, the publisher can make exponentially more money by increasing the spending. An ROI of up to 10 per 1 invested is possible, as seen in the John Lewis & Partners Christmas campaigns.[19][20] Likewise, any cost savings that harm the customer/consumer experience can affect a brand in the long term. Multichannel marketing can be more cost-effective at creating an immersive experience that can not be replicated with one channel. For example, think about a shop that has a small or no margin compared to a website, if you consider the shop as marketing spend, it is very cost-effective marketing, the shop is a huge billboard, and you have a browsing experience that enables consumers to make purchasing decisions, they get to feel the brand, it has a presence in the community and creates jobs. Also, using social media publishing to advertise has a good return on investment if you can create trending high-quality content that reflects positively on the brand.

Film, television, radio, and advertisements publish information to their audiences. Computer games, streaming apps, and social media publish content in new and various ways that can keep audiences more engaged. Marketing additional products closely related to a major film, such as Star Wars, is an example of tie-in publishing. These products can be a spin-off book, a graphic novel, a soundtrack album, a computer game, models and toys, social media posts, and promotional publications. Examples of tie-in publishing based on books are the Harry Potter and James Bond franchises.

In 2013, Penguin (owned by Pearson) and Random House (owned by Bertelsmann) merged, narrowing the industry to a handful of big publishers as it adapted to digital media.[25] The merger created the largest consumer book publisher globally, with a global market share of more than 25 percent.[26] Approximately 60%[27] of English-language books are produced through the "Big Five" publishing houses: Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, and Macmillan. In November 2020, ViacomCBS agreed to sell Simon & Schuster, the third largest book publisher in the United States, to Penguin Random House in a deal that if it had gone through, would have made the largest publishing company in the world.[25] On November 2, 2021, the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit (U.S. v. Bertelsmann SE & CO. KGaA, et al.) to block the merger on antitrust grounds,[28] and on October 31, 2022, the D.C. District Court ruled in favour of the Department of Justice, filing a permanent injunction on the merger.[29]

The advent of the Internet has provided a way of book distribution without needing physical printing, delivery, or storage. The process of preparing a book for ebook publication is the same as print publication, with only minor variations in the process to account for the different mediums of publishing; Ebook publication also allows some costs like the discount given to retailers (normally around 45%)[30] to be eliminated.

Some of the major publishers have entire divisions devoted to a single franchise, e.g., Ballantine Del Rey Lucasbooks has the exclusive rights to Star Wars in the United States; Random House UK (Bertelsmann)/Century LucasBooks holds the same rights in the United Kingdom. The game industry self-publishes through BL Publishing/Black Library (Warhammer) and Wizards of the Coast (Dragonlance, Forgotten Realms, etc.). The BBC has its own publishing division that does very well with long-running series such as Doctor Who. These multimedia works are cross-marketed aggressively and sales frequently outperform the average stand-alone published work, making them a focus of corporate interest.[31]

Accessible publishing uses the digitization of books to mark up books into XML and then produces multiple formats from this to sell to customers, often targeting those with difficulty reading. Formats include a variety of larger print sizes, specialized print formats for dyslexia,[32] eye tracking problems and macular degeneration, as well as Braille, DAISY, audiobooks, and ebooks.[33]

Green publishing means adapting the publishing process to minimize environmental impact. One example of this is the concept of on-demand printing, using digital or print-on-demand technology. This cuts down the need to ship books since they are manufactured close to the customer on a just-in-time basis.[34]

Privishing (private publishing, but not to be confused with self-publishing) is a modern term for publishing a book but printing so few copies or with such lack of marketing, advertising, or sales support that it effectively does not reach the public.[40] The book, while nominally published, is almost impossible to obtain through normal channels such as bookshops, often cannot be ordered specially, and has a notable lack of support from its publisher, including refusal to reprint the title. A book that is privished may be referred to as "killed". Depending on the motivation, privishing may constitute breach of contract, censorship,[41] or good business practice (e.g., not printing more books than the publisher believes will sell in a reasonable length of time).

Publishing became possible with the invention of writing, and became more practical upon the introduction of printing. Before printing, distributed works were copied manually, by scribes. Due to printing, publishing progressed hand-in-hand with the development of books.

Historically, publishing has been handled by publishers, although some authors self-published.[45] The establishment of the World Wide Web in 1989 soon propelled the website into a dominant medium of publishing. Wikis and Blogs soon developed, followed by online books, online newspapers, and online magazines, while also facilitating the technological convergence of commercial and self-published content, as well as the convergence of publishing and producing into online production through the development of multimedia content.

A U.S.-based study in 2016 that surveyed 34 publishers found that the publishing industry in the US in general is overwhelmingly represented by straight, able-bodied, white females.[46] Salon described the situation as "lack of diversity behind the scenes in book world".[47] A survey in 2020 by the same group found there has been no statistical significant change in the lack of diversity since the 2016 survey four years earlier.[48] Lack of diversity in the American publishing industry has been an issue for years. Within the industry, there was the least amount of diversity in higher-level editorial positions.[49]

Our international publishing portfolio covers the core chemical sciences including related fields such as biology, biophysics, energy and environment, engineering, materials, medicine and physics. As a not-for-profit publisher, we reinvest surplus funds back into the global scientific community, supporting our mission to advance excellence in the chemical sciences.

IOP Publishing is a society-owned scientific publisher, providing impact, recognition and value for the scientific community. As the publishing arm of the Institute of Physics, 100% of our profit goes towards public and scientific good. e24fc04721