I found some cases where tuning the machine is directly trading achieved accuracy for cutting speed. For example, increasing V Wheel tension to reduce cutting vibration directly increases the backlash on that axis.

As in any machine, the deflections and backlash in the machine allow for vibrations and resonances to develop when cutting. The relatively large deflections per unit force, coupled with the quite low damping of the machine allows for large resonant vibration amplitudes to develop quite easily. Once these resonances develop, It can take large changes in cutting parameters to quell them and to many users this may represent the limiting factor on cutting speed.


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In a previous video I looked at belt tension, how to measure it and what sort of tension is desirable. One of the open questions from that work was whether increasing belt tension usefully reduced backlash in the machine.

If we take roughing passes to cut the bulk of the material and finishing passes to get to final dimension our deflection due to cutting load is minimal in the finishing passes. It should then only be backlash that prevents us from approaching the step size limiting precision of the machine.

Backlash is lost movement in the linear motion system where we request a change of direction. For a typical rack and pinion, ballscrew or leadscrew driven linear motion system we can visualise backlash as being like carrying a bowling ball in a box.

On the Shapeoko backlash occurs through a different mechanism and presents slightly differently. Here is backlash on the X axis, we are measuring close to the belt to reduce the influence of other movements such as V Wheel deflection.

Slack is very similar to backlash in that it gives a range of positions the machine may be when no force is applied. The distinction, for our purposes, is that slack occurs not due to the drive belts but simply through slack in the mechanism such as the V Wheels which allow movements not controllable by the motors and belts.

Testing backlash by reversing direction and moving down from 1mm through 0.25mm to 0.025mm step sizes. At the 1mm step size we see 0.03mm to 0.04mm backlash on this machine, so we would expect to lose an entire step at 0.025mm .

This is not, however, what happens. As they roll, the V Wheels show significant variation in observed rolling resistance. This varying resistance is likely to affect both precision of movement and backlash by requiring different belt extensions to move at different points on the axis.

First I measured the X axis slop, deflection and backlash due to the belt system, at 12 different positions across the X axis. To isolate the belt deflection and minimise the contribution of other sources such as the V Wheels, these measurements were made between the X rail and the side of the HDZ close to the X belt. Force was applied to a rod clamped in the collet where the machine would normally see cutting forces. V Wheel tension was set to give just over 10 Newtons of rolling resistance.

I initially planned a bit of measuring to see whether deflection or backlash were reduced by more belt tension but then I redefined the meaning of scope creep as each time I measured I went further down the hole.

Yes, the accuracy was better than I expected it to be. I thought initially that I was chasing a backlash of about 0.1mm as that was the additional clearance I was having to add to the CAM but this appears to have been a combination of my over-tensioning the V Wheels (one on my HDZ was tight even at full adjustment) and cutters that were under-sized either through being blunt or just cheap.

And I believe that that's been our biggest failure. We have acted like progress is linear without understanding that it's not, there are these circular patterns that happen. We also treat progress as though everybody is going to enjoy it and like it, and so we're not addressing the backlash in real-time. We're not being preventative. We wait until there's a big resistance that catches everybody off guard, but it isn't that there's some new backlash. These are the people who didn't agree with progress all along. They now just have a sense of empowerment based on the socio-political climate and feel like it's safe enough to articulate it.

So we do this revisionist history when marginalized people start coming into their own. Those who have been in the position of power start screaming and hollering and projecting that they're being treated the same way they treated everybody else. When you listen to Trump, or any of them, the picture that they paint is they've been the victims. That's how they're experiencing it because they've done it to others. So there's this loop that just keeps happening. And I think until we understand this backlash is a fear that what they've done is going to happen to them, it will keep happening. I forgot who said it, but they said, if you don't have a seat at the table, you're on the menu.

As noted, the maximum service force is, in practice, limited by the compressive preload on the spring: when the service force exceeds the preload, you get backlash. If you want pics of the device, google will pull up thousands.

And those debates are often happening in a miasma of misinformation and skewed by political polarization. However, some who have seen the backlash to renewable development up close and personal also say developers need to do a better job of being upfront with communities and convincing them of the benefits of their projects.

At the same time, our policy must face the reality of recalcitrant and outlaw states that not only choose to remain outside the family but also assault its basic values. There are few "backlash" states: Cuba, North Korea, Iran, Iraq and Libya. For now they lack the resources of a superpower, which would enable them to seriously threaten the democratic order being created around them. Nevertheless, their behavior is often aggressive and defiant. The ties between them are growing as they seek to thwart or quarantine themselves from a global trend to which they seem incapable of adapting.

These backlash states have some common characteristics. Ruled by cliques that control power through coercion, they suppress basic human rights and promote radical ideologies. While their political systems vary, their leaders share a common antipathy toward popular participation that might undermine the existing regimes. These nations exhibit a chronic inability to engage constructively with the outside world, and they do not function effectively in alliances, even with those like-minded. They are often on the defensive, increasingly criticized and targeted with sanctions in international forums.

As the sole superpower, the United States has a special responsibility for developing a strategy to neutralize, contain and, through selective pressure, perhaps eventually transform these backlash states into constructive members of the international community. Each backlash state is unique in its history, culture and circumstances, and U.S. strategy has been tailored accordingly. But there are common denominators. In each case, we maintain alliances and deploy military capabilities sufficient to deter or respond to any aggressive act. We seek to contain the influence of these states, sometimes by isolation, sometimes through pressure, sometimes by diplomatic and economic measures. We encourage the rest of the international community to join us in a concerted effort. In the cases of Iraq and Libya, for example, we have already achieved a strong international consensus backed by U.N. resolutions.

Forty-seven years ago, George Kennan, writing under a pseudonym in this journal, made the case for containment of an outlaw empire. He argued that the United States had within its power the means to "to increase enormously the strains under which Soviet policy must operate" and thereby generate the "break-up or gradual mellowing of Soviet power." Today, the United States faces a less formidable challenge in containing the band of outlaws we refer to as "the backlash states." It is still very much within our power to prevail.

That project, known as Renape, faced criticism from within the military and a backlash from the government technicians building it because of its lack of transparency and the threats it posed to freedom and privacy.

FAULHABER offers a special version of a spur gearhead with zero backlash. These gearheads consist of a dual pass spur geartrain with all metal gears. The backlash is reduced to a minimum by counter-rotating the two individual gear passes to each other and locking them in place on the motor pinion gear. They are ideal for positioning applications with a very high resolution and moderate torque. Zero backlash gearheads can only be delivered preloaded from the factory.

The optical tube looks good and the azimuthal drive appears to have very little backlash (I couldn't see it) but the elevation drive has a very noticable 'dead-zone' and I need to know if this is normal for this series of telescope or if it indicates a problem ?

99% of the time a bit of a "dead zone" noticed right after any slewing is just backlash being taken up in the gears ... especially when it isn't location specific (always happening in one area of the sky vs. another) but remember that if the scope isn't well balanced that there will be different amounts of force on the gears in different parts of the sky. It is also obviously possible to have some damage in the synthetic spur gears but it's unlikely, it takes a lot to damage the altitude axis compared to the azimuth. But yes, some scopes can exhibit a substantial amount. The backlash function (in the hand controller) when properly done usually does a very good job of masking this physical backlash in the gears. ff782bc1db

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