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Inmates held for a violent offense other than a sex offense (25 percent in prison and 28 percent in jail) were significantly more likely than inmates held for other offenses to have spent time in restrictive housing. Also, inmates with extensive criminal histories were more likely than inmates with shorter criminal histories to have spent time in segregation or solitary confinement. Among inmates with 11 or more prior arrests, 24 percent of those in prison and 22 percent of those in jail had been in restrictive housing, compared to about 13 percent of inmates in both prison and jail who had been arrested once.

In many cases, the use of restrictive housing was related to inmate misconduct. At least three-quarters of inmates in prisons and jails who had been written up for assaulting other inmates or staff had spent time in restrictive housing. More than half of prison inmates and jail inmates who had been in a fight with staff had spent time in restrictive housing, and nearly half of prison inmates (49 percent) and 43 percent of jail inmates who had been in a fight with another inmate had spent time in restrictive housing.

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Inmates who had spent time in restrictive housing were often young, lacked a high school education, or identified as lesbian, gay or bisexual. More than 30 percent of prison inmates and 25 percent of jail inmates ages 18 to 19 had spent some time in restrictive housing in the past year, compared to 20 percent or lower for prisoners age 30 or older and 19 percent or lower for jail inmates age 25 or older.

About 20 percent of prison and jail inmates who did not complete high school had spent time in restrictive housing in the past year, compared to 15 percent of inmates with a high school diploma or more. Lesbian, gay and bisexual inmates (28 percent in prison and 22 percent in jail) were more likely than heterosexual inmates (18 percent in prison and 17 percent in jail) to have spent some time in segregation or solitary confinement.

Use of restrictive housing was linked to inmates with mental health problems. Between 23 percent and 31 percent of prison and jail inmates with a past history of mental health problems had spent time in restrictive housing, including those who had been told they had a mental health disorder, those who were taking mental health prescription medication at the time of their current offense and those who had stayed overnight in a facility for mental health treatment prior to admission. About 14 percent of prison inmates and 12 percent of jail inmates with no past mental health problems had spent time in restrictive housing.

Nearly 30 percent of prison inmates and 22 percent of jail inmates with symptoms of serious psychological distress (SPD) had spent time in restrictive housing units in the past 12 months. Rates of SPD did not increase with the length of time inmates had been in restrictive housing. About a quarter of prison inmates and more than a third (35 percent) of jail inmates who had spent 30 days or longer in segregation or solitary confinement had SPD. Similar rates of SPD were reported among inmates who had spent only a day in restrictive housing (22 percent of prison inmates and 35 percent of jail inmates).

Results: With an increase in the threshold for improvement, the percentage of placebo-treated patients who were classified as experiencing response dropped dramatically in all trials, as did the percentage of patients receiving active therapy (second-line drug, combination therapy, tumor necrosis factor p75-Fc fusion protein) who were classified as experiencing response. Generally, the drop in active treatment response rates was greater than the drop in placebo response rates, leaving the difference between the 2 groups less at the higher thresholds. Therefore, chi-square values fell as the threshold for response was raised. The ordinal definition of improvement yielded chi-square values similar to those obtained using ACR 20 alone.

In December, we reported on survey data from MindMeld that found that there has been a significant increase in voice assistant and voice search usage, with 60 percent of survey respondents saying that they had started using virtual assistants and voice search in the past 12 months.

As search continues its migration to mobile devices and a larger percentage of those queries are initiated by voice, there are important content and SEO implications. In addition, those queries will become more transactional over time as virtual assistants permit bookings and conversions using voice.

Development of a magnetic nozzle radiofrequency (rf) plasma thruster has been one of challenging topics in space electric propulsion technologies. The thruster typically consists of an rf plasma source and a magnetic nozzle, where the plasma produced inside the source is transported along the magnetic field and expands in the magnetic nozzle. An imparted thrust is significantly affected by the rf power coupling for the plasma production, the plasma transport, the plasma loss to the wall, and the plasma acceleration process in the magnetic nozzle. The rf power transfer efficiency and the imparted thrust are assessed for two types of rf antennas exciting azimuthal mode number of \(m=+1\) and \(m=0\), where propellant argon gas is introduced from the upstream of the thruster source tube. The rf power transfer efficiency and the density measured at the radial center for the \(m=+1\) mode antenna are higher than those for the \(m=0\) mode antenna, while a larger thrust is obtained for the \(m=0\) mode antenna. Two-dimensional plume characterization suggests that the lowered performance for the \(m=+1\) mode case is due to the plasma production at the radial center, where contribution on a thrust exerted to the magnetic nozzle is weak due to the absence of the radial magnetic field. Subsequently, the configuration is modified so as to introduce the propellant gas near the thruster exit for the \(m=0\) mode configuration and the thruster efficiency approaching twenty percent is successfully obtained, being highest to date in the kW-class magnetic nozzle rf plasma thrusters.

Various types of the electrodeless plasma thrusters have been proposed and investigated so far, e.g., a variable specific impulse plasma rocket (VASIMR)10, a helicon double layer thruster (HDLT)11,12, a magnetic nozzle rf plasma thruster (often called a helicon thruster: HPT)13,14,15, and an electron cyclotron resonance plasma thruster (ECRT)16. These utilize an expanding magnetic field (called a magnetic nozzle) downstream of the plasma source, where various plasma acceleration and momentum conversion processes occur as vigorously investigated so far. In VASIMR, a primary rf power is used to ionize the propellant gas and another rf heating power is coupled with the ions via an ion cyclotron resonance heating process, which increases the ion energy perpendicular to the magnetic field. The perpendicular energy of the ions is converted into the parallel energy in the magnetic nozzle. By increasing the ion heating power up to 200 kW, the thruster efficiency exceeding 50% has been obtained in a laboratory test10. On the other hand, the rf power is mainly coupled with electrons and utilized for the plasma production in the HDLT, the HPT, and the ECRT, which are operated at rf power levels ranging from several tens of W to several kW; the electron thermal energy is often converted into the directed ion energy via electrostatic ion accelerations in a current-free double layer and an ambipolar electric field17, where the accelerated ions are neutralized by electrons overcoming the potential drop18. Fundamental studies on such an electron-heated magnetic nozzle plasma thruster have shown that an internal azimuthal plasma current induces an axial Lorentz force in the magnetic nozzle, resulting in an increase in the thrust19,20,21. The azimuthal plasma current has been identified to be mainly driven by an electron diamagnetic drift, which is induced by a radial pressure gradient22,23. Therefore, the radial electron pressure is converted into the axial plasma momentum flux in the magnetic nozzle, where the electron temperature is decreased along the axis by losing their internal energy24,25,26,27,28. A two-dimensional magnetic nozzle thruster model in Ref.29 can quantitatively explain the measured thrust and can be approximately rewritten by a one-dimensional model using a paraxial approximation, being similar to a physical nozzle model30. However, the thrust estimated by the paraxial approximation is a few tens of percent smaller than that by the two-dimensional model. It is expected that the two-dimensional structure of the plasma flow affects the thrust in the magnetic nozzle.

Several experiments have been performed to improve the performance of the magnetic nozzle rf plasma thruster, where the first direct thrust measurement showed the thruster efficiency less than a percent54,55. The subsequent experiment has shown that the thrust due to the magnetic nozzle can be increased by increasing the magnetic field, where the thrust approaches the theoretical limit assuming no plasma loss from the magnetic nozzle22. The upper limit of the thrust can be increased by enlarging the diameter of the source tube as predicted by combining the magnetic nozzle model with the global plasma production model56. The previously reported thruster efficiency calculated with the rf power is at most \(\sim \, 10\%\) for an rf power level of several kW56.

Here the investigation on the effect of the antenna structure is initiated from the comparison between the often-used two modes of \(m=0\) and \(m=+1\). In the present experiment, two different antennas exciting \(m=+1\) and \(m=0\) modes shown in Fig. 1 are tested for the unchanged source tube in the magnetic nozzle rf plasma thruster which has the upstream gas injection port and is operated at the rf power of several kW, where the rf power transfer efficiency, the plasma density at the radial center, and the imparted thrust are compared between the two cases. A better power coupling and a higher plasma density at the radial center near the thruster exit are obtained for the \(m=+1\) mode antenna, while an imparted thrust for the \(m=0\) mode antenna is larger than that for the \(m=+1\) mode antenna. The configuration is subsequently modified so as to introduce the argon gas near the thruster exit for the \(m=0\) mode; the thruster efficiency estimated from the thrust, the mass flow rate, and the rf power, approaches twenty percent, being the highest efficiency to date in the magnetic nozzle rf plasma thruster operated with the rf power of the several kW level. The highest performance is resultantly originated from combining the insights of the effectiveness of the \(m=0\) mode antenna, the large diameter source tube, the sufficient magnetic field strength, and the gas injection near the thruster exit. ff782bc1db