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In geography and geology, a cliff is an area of rock which has a general angle defined by the vertical, or nearly vertical. Cliffs are formed by the processes of weathering and erosion, with the effect of gravity. Cliffs are common on coasts, in mountainous areas, escarpments and along rivers. Cliffs are usually composed of rock that is resistant to weathering and erosion. The sedimentary rocks that are most likely to form cliffs include sandstone, limestone, chalk, and dolomite. Igneous rocks such as granite and basalt also often form cliffs.

An escarpment (or scarp) is a type of cliff formed by the movement of a geologic fault, a landslide, or sometimes by rock slides or falling rocks which change the differential erosion of the rock layers.

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Most cliffs have some form of scree slope at their base. In arid areas or under high cliffs, they are generally exposed jumbles of fallen rock. In areas of higher moisture, a soil slope may obscure the talus. Many cliffs also feature tributary waterfalls or rock shelters. Sometimes a cliff peters out at the end of a ridge, with mushroom rocks or other types of rock columns remaining. Coastal erosion may lead to the formation of sea cliffs along a receding coastline.

Cliff comes from the Old English word clif of essentially the same meaning, cognate with Dutch, Low German, and Old Norse klif 'cliff'.[1] These may in turn all be from a Romance loanword into Primitive Germanic that has its origins in the Latin forms clivus / clevus ("slope" or "hillside").[2][3]

Given that a cliff does not need to be exactly vertical, there can be ambiguity about whether a given slope is a cliff or not and also about how much of a certain slope to count as a cliff. For example, given a truly vertical rock wall above a very steep slope, one could count just the rock wall or the combination. Listings of cliffs are thus inherently uncertain.

According to some sources, the highest cliff in the world, about 1,340 m high, is the east face of Great Trango in the Karakoram mountains of northern Pakistan. This uses a fairly stringent notion of cliff, as the 1,340 m figure refers to a nearly vertical headwall of two stacked pillars; adding in a very steep approach brings the total drop from the East Face precipice to the nearby Dunge Glacier to nearly 2,000 m.

The location of the world's highest sea cliffs depends also on the definition of 'cliff' that is used. Guinness World Records states it is Kalaupapa, Hawaii,[5] at 1,010 m high. Another contender is the north face of Mitre Peak, which drops 1,683 m to Milford Sound, New Zealand.[6] These are subject to a less stringent definition, as the average slope of these cliffs at Kaulapapa is about 1.7, corresponding to an angle of 60 degrees, and Mitre Peak is similar. A more vertical drop into the sea can be found at Maujit Qaqarssuasia (also known as the 'Thumbnail') which is situated in the Torssuktak fjord area at the very tip of South Greenland and drops 1,560 m near-vertically.[7]

Considering a truly vertical drop, Mount Thor on Baffin Island in Arctic Canada is often considered the highest at 1370 m (4500 ft) high in total (the top 480 m (1600 ft) is overhanging), and is said to give it the longest vertical drop on Earth at 1,250 m (4,100 ft). However, other cliffs on Baffin Island, such as Polar Sun Spire in the Sam Ford Fjord, or others in remote areas of Greenland may be higher.

Cliff landforms provide unique habitat niches to a variety of plants and animals, whose preferences and needs are suited by the vertical geometry of this landform type. For example, a number of birds have decided affinities for choosing cliff locations for nesting,[20] often driven by the defensibility of these locations as well as absence of certain predators.Humans have also inhabited cliff dwellings.

A cliff is a mass of rock that rises very high and is almost vertical, or straight up-and-down. Cliffs are very common landscape features. They can form near the ocean (sea cliffs), high in mountains, or as the walls of canyons and valleys. Waterfalls tumble over cliffs. Cliffs are usually formed because of processes called erosion and weathering. Weathering happens when natural events, like wind or rain, break up pieces of rock.

In coastal areas, strong winds and powerful waves break off soft or grainy rocks from hardier rocks. The harder rocks are left as cliffs. The tiny pieces of rocks broken off by weathering are called sediment or alluvium. Erosion is the process of transportation of this sediment.

On sea cliffs, sediment becomes part of the seafloor and is washed away with the waves. On inland cliffs, sediment is often carried away by rivers or winds. Larger rocks broken off by sediment are called scree or talus. Scree builds up at the bottom of many inland cliffs as rocks tumble down. These piles are called scree slopes or talus piles. Some scree slopes can be so large that soil and sediment can build up between the rocks, allowing trees and other vegetation to grow on the slope.

Most scientists and mountaineers think the Rupal Flank of Nanga Parbat, a mountain in the Himalayas, is the highest cliff in the world. The Rupal Flank rises 4,600 meters (15,092 feet) above its base. Others say the highest cliff in the world is the east face of Great Trango, in the Karakoram mountain range, which is 1,340 meters (4,396 feet) tall and one of the most difficult rock-climbs in the world. Both Nanga Parbat and Great Trango are located in Pakistan.

For thousands of years, groups of nomads used the caves above Cliff Dweller Creek as temporary shelter. In the late 1200s, people of the agricultural Mogollon (Southern Ancestral Pueblo) culture made it a home. They built rooms, crafted pottery and raised children in the cliff dwellings for one or two generations. By approximately 1300, the Mogollon had moved on, leaving the walls behind.

A cliff is a vertical or almost vertical natural drop in terrain topography as it occurs for example in form of coastal cliffs or escarpments. The face of the cliff usually consists of bare solid rock but can occasionally also consist of clay, compacted sand, ice or other solid materials - for some materials other than rock natural=earth_bank could be a better choice.

To map a cliff draw a way along the edge of the cliff and tag it natural=cliff. The direction of the way should be so that the top of the cliff is on the left side of the way direction and the bottom on the right side. In the ID editor, the arrows on the line should be pointing out to the bottom of the cliff or low land. If the cliff is not perfectly vertical the way should be located on the top edge. Circular cliffs like craters or escarpment outliers can be drawn as closed ways.

natural=cliff should not be used for ridges, i.e. crests where there is a significant drop in terrain to both sides and neither of them is close to vertical. Use natural=ridge or natural=arete instead. Also do not use natural=cliff just for mapping an inclined bare rock surface, use natural=bare_rock instead.

Beyond the inclusive trail is a rugged backcountry style trail with spectacular views from 150-foot cliffs overlooking Long Reach. Unbroken preserved forest stretches to the east and south of Long Reach.

Transit agencies, however, can work with policymakers at the federal, state, and local levels to ensure agencies not only achieve financial stability but also secure the ability to expand service to meet the needs of a growing population that requires access to the equitable, environmentally supportive travel option that transit provides. With new funding, agencies can offer ever better service and carry more riders while preventing future fiscal cliffs. In our research, we find that, already, several US agencies are moving more passengers than they did prepandemic, and dozens of individual routes run by other agencies are doing so as well. This can produce a virtuous cycle for transit agencies.

The Mesa Verde Dwellings are some of the most notable and best-preserved archeological sites in the North American Continent. Sometime during the late 1190s, after primarily living on the mesa top for 600 years, many Ancestral Puebloans began living in pueblos they built beneath the overhanging cliffs. The structures ranged in size from one-room storage units to villages of more than 150 rooms.

The creation of effective transition planning and programming to meet the needs of the 50,000 individuals with autism who leave high school each year - each with unique strengths, interests, and challenges - is an urgent task facing our society. It is solvable, though. Communities could enact plans to better scaffold transitions and monitor results, so fewer youth would fall through the cracks in our systems and more families might see bridges on the horizon instead of cliffs.

No state is immune. The 50 states and the District of Columbia are facing a fiscal cliff of over $48 billion. Fourteen states are facing shortfalls of more than $1 billion dollars. Texas, California, and Florida are facing the largest cliffs, potentially $5.70 billion, $4.81 billion, and $3.18 billion, respectively.

For example, North Carolina received over $1.97 billion in Child Care and Development Funds (CCDF) in FY 2021, up from over $293 million in FY 2019. Part of the increase stems from ARP discretionary funding and child care stabilization grants, which enabled the state to distribute $340 million to over 4,000 child care centers, allowing North Carolina child care providers to compensate their workforce and salvage existing child care slots. As 2024 approaches, North Carolina is facing a cliff of $1.67 billion. Losing this funding would jeopardize years of work to stabilize the industry. Without additional funding, how will child care providers survive and continue to recover from the adverse economic effects of the pandemic? 2351a5e196