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In the effort of isolating novel microbial species, the strain PL0132T was isolated from a fallen leaf under fresh water at a stream, which glided when grown on a tap water medium (without nutrients). The strain was determined to be Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, and rod-shaped, which grew optimally at 25 C, pH 6-7, and the strain tolerates 1% (w/v) NaCl concentration. The complete genome of strain PL0132T comprises one contig with a sequencing depth of 76, consisting of 8,853,064 base pairs and the genomic DNA G + C content was 46.7% (genome). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain PL0132T represents a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes and is affiliated with the genus Spirosoma. Based on genomic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the strain PL0132T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma foliorum sp. nov. is proposed (= KCTC 72228 T = InaCC B1447T).

Insulation and cover are essential to overwintering insects, including butterfly and moth pupae, caterpillars, queen bumblebees and many others. But the rich habitat in the ground layer is also critical year-round. The climate control provided by fallen leaves regulates moisture for fireflies, who are prone to desiccation, and harbors the snails and slugs their larvae eat. Without the help of fallen leaves, our summer nights would lose their sparkle.

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Question re: leaving the leaves: it is now spring, of course. When I am planting, should I just gently move and spread the fallen leaves around the yard so that new plants get enough air? Is there any benefit to leaf composting systems, or could I simply dump an excess of leaves in a corner of my yard & turn it over now and again? In short, what would a humane gardener do with an excess of leaves in springtime? Thank you so very much for any thoughts.

Nira is like a young leaf, which is always there beside the flowers but will never be one of them. Her name, Nira, derives from Niranam which means the anonymous one. The story of a boy who is a little girl at heart, he is shattered from not being accepted by anyone but his mother who wholeheartedly loves him. His father is not a very good man, as he loathes him and mistreats his mother. Nira wants his father to be like his uncle-in-law Chatchavee, the only one aside from his mother who is a warm man and cares for him and understands him. Until the forbidden love occurs, Chatchavee happens to notice and cannot answer back this aberrant love, he denies Nira. Nira, deeply crushed and traumatised by this rejection, decides with his mother's support to do something that changes the rest of his life. He undergoes a sex reassignment surgery which completely transforms him into a gorgeous woman. Unfortunately, her mother dies during the operation. Devastated, she runs away from the hospital. The one who finds her and helps her is doctor Benjang, who takes her home. She starts living as his sister.One day, Nira coincidentally meets Chatchavee. Due to her beauty, he starts to fall for her and also Nira's father. None of them recognise her. The tragedy love begins to be more and more complicated when Nira's aunt, who always looks down on Nira's love and is envious of her, discovers the truth and tries to hinder Nira in every way. How will this story end? Edit Translation

The species of the genus Spirosoma have been isolated from soil, dust, air, water, and extreme conditions like Arctic glaciers18,19,20. Furthermore, the characteristics of the genus include Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, yellow or orange pigmented bacteria which are characterized as menaquinone MK-7 as the respiratory quinone, phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid, and summed feature 3 (C16: 16C and/or C16: 17C) C16:15c, iso-C15:0, and C16:0 as the major fatty acids6. In this paper, a gliding bacterium was isolated from a decaying leaf of Acer palmatum in a stream of fresh water. The distinctive characteristics led us to propose a novel species in the genus Spirosoma.

Happy fall everyone! The leaves have certainly began to fall here. They are so beautiful! I especially love the sugar maple leaves- so many colors packed into just one leaf! This year, I could not let that beauty go to waste, instead I turned them into a creative leaf wreath for the door.

Once on the ground, and away from the nourishment of the tree, the leaf begins to dry out and decompose. It loses even more color as the cells desiccate and die; most leaves become a brownish color. The leaves at this top layer on the ground are known as the litter layer. Below this is the fermenting layer, where leaves are compacted and already rotting. These leaves tend to be moister as water becomes trapped here, and the leaves are broken down. Below this is the humus, which is rich and black and consists of completely rotted plant and animal matter. Small animals and arthropods such as mites, springtails, nematodes, woodlice or pillbugs, and millipede feed on the dead leaves. They are detrivores, meaning they feed on dead material. Earthworms are perhaps one of the better known of these; they eat the leaves and break them down into tiny pieces. Their feces, known as castings, are a site for microorganism activity. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi are the primary agents of this decomposition. These convert the leaf pieces to minerals and nutrients, which can be used by the trees and other plants. All of the small creatures that live in and feed on the leaves, in turn, can be food for small predatory arthropods and other animals. Thus, the fallen leaves form an essential part of many nutrient cycles and food webs.

Besides serving as food, the leaves are an important habitat for many insects and arachnids. Beetles of all sorts roam in the leaves, feeding on the plant material or hunting other small arthropods and mollusks, like slugs and snails. Harvestmen, or daddy longlegs, patrol the leaves for decaying material or other small animals they manage to catch. Wolf spiders and jumping spiders hunt in the cover of the leaves for insects. Web-spinning spiders anchor their webs in the leaves. Crickets that you hear singing in late summer and fall hide in the leaves and construct burrows in the soil beneath. Many moth caterpillars, like Isabella Tiger Moths and Leopard Moths, create their cocoons under the leaf litter, relying on the protection and insulation of the leaves to overwinter. Fly larvae or maggots, including crane flies, fungus gnats, house flies, and hover flies, all can be found in the leaf litter, aiding in decomposition. Salamanders, toads and other small amphibians rely on the shelter and moisture provided by the leaves and eat small invertebrates found there.

In the past gardeners may have worried that fall leaves, matted down by snow or rain, would have a negative impact on their perennials. In reality, a thick layer of leaves provides additional insulation against bitter cold weather, and can protect newly planted perennials when frost-heave may expose tender roots. Anyone who has spotted fragile spring ephemerals popping up in the woods knows that all but the frailest of plants will burst through the leaf litter in spring without trouble.

Leaf litter also creates overwintering habitats and nesting materials for many species. Frogs, toads, pollinators, slugs, snails, worms, spiders, beetles and millipedes use leaf litter like cozy winter blankets because they help create insulation from cold, fluctuating temperatures during the winter. 006ab0faaa