Ariel Courage is an experienced editor, researcher, and former fact-checker. She has performed editing and fact-checking work for several leading finance publications, including The Motley Fool and Passport to Wall Street.
In finance, the margin is the collateral that an investor has to deposit with their broker or exchange to cover the credit risk the holder poses for the broker or the exchange. For example, a short position cannot be established without sufficient margin.
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In the case of short sales, under Regulation T, the Federal Reserve Board requires all short sale accounts to have 150% of the value of the short sale at the time the sale is initiated. The 150% consists of the full value of the short sale proceeds (100%), plus an additional margin requirement of 50% of the value of the short sale.
Short selling occurs when a trader borrows a security and sells it on the open market, planning to buy it back later for less money. Theoretically, the price of an asset has no upper bound and can climb to infinity. This means that, in theory, the risk of loss on a short position is unlimited.
Short positions represent borrowed shares that have been sold in anticipation of buying them back in the future. As the underlying asset prices rise, investors are faced with losses to their short position. Aside from the pressure of mounting paper losses, maintaining a short position can also become more difficult because, if the price of the underlying asset rises, so does the amount of margin required as collateral to ensure that the investor will be able to buy back the shares and return them to the broker.
When investors are forced to buy back shares to cover their position, it is referred to as a short squeeze. If enough short sellers are forced to buy back shares at the same time, then it can result in a surge in demand for shares and therefore an extremely sharp rise in the underlying asset's price.
Short-lived climate pollutants are powerful climate forcers that remain in the atmosphere for a much shorter period of time than carbon dioxide, yet their potential to warm the atmosphere can be many times greater. Certain short-lived climate pollutants are also air pollutants that have harmful effects for people, ecosystems and agricultural productivity.
The short-lived climate pollutants black carbon, methane, tropospheric ozone, and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are the most important contributors to anthropogenic global warming after carbon dioxide, responsible for up to 45% of current global warming. If no action to reduce emissions of these pollutants is taken in the coming decades, they are expected to account for as much as half of warming caused by human activity.
When people talk about reducing climate change, they often focus on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and for good reason. CO2 is the primary driver of climate change. It remains in the atmosphere for hundreds of years, meaning that once in the atmosphere, it can continue to affect the climate over a long timeframe.
Because short-lived climate pollutants can be removed from the atmosphere in periods ranging from days to 15 years, reducing their emissions can make quick headway on slowing global warming. These pollutants can be significantly reduced using technologies available today, and actions to reduce them have the potential to deliver additional benefits for human health, crop yields, and economies.
Speed is increasingly crucial in the fight against climate change. The planet has already warmed more than 1C. According to the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), warming above 1.5-2C would have devastating consequences. The only way to avoid passing this threshold - and the most dangerous impacts of climate change - is by reducing short-lived climate pollutants hand-in-hand with deep and persistent cuts in carbon dioxide.
When combined with significant measures to cut carbon dioxide emissions, short-lived climate pollutants play an important role in slowing the rate of global warming and achieving the 1.5C target set by the Paris Agreement.
Every year, nearly 7 million people die prematurely from the effects of indoor and outdoor air pollution. Short-lived climate pollutants contribute significantly to this massive health impact. Fast action on key sources of short-lived climate pollutant emissions, such as the widespread adoption of clean cooking and heating technologies and fuels, has the potential to prevent around 2.4 million deaths each year, particularly among women and children.
The global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets draw from diverse aspects of human and planetary needs and challenges. Achieving them by 2030 will require coordinated actions on many fronts.
Actions to reduce short-lived climate pollutants will produce important near-term benefits that will support the success of the SDGs by improving human health and reducing vulnerability, driving economic growth and innovation such as catalyzing improvements in energy efficiency and combatting near-term climate change.
If temperatures continue to rise, sea levels may increase by up to a metre this century. That increase could submerge densely populated coastal communities, especially in the event of storm surges, which are expected to become more frequent.
Immediate implementation of short-lived climate pollutant control measures could reduce the rate of sea-level rise by about 20% in the first half of this century as compared to a reference scenario. By 2100, full mitigation of CO2 and short-lived climate pollutants could reduce the rate of sea-level rise by up to 50%, which would give coastal communities and low-lying states time to adapt.
Commercial STR License Owners, please be advised of the updated renewal process. As of June 8, 2023, pursuant to CZO 19.4.A.20, new Commercial Short Term Rental applications can no longer be accepted. The applications are no longer available on the One Stop App.
The City of New Orleans has been enjoined by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana from enforcing the short term rental regulations enacted in Ordinances 29381 and 29382 pending further order of the court.
In finance, being short in an asset means investing in such a way that the investor will profit if the market value of the asset falls. This is the opposite of the more common long position, where the investor will profit if the market value of the asset rises. An investor that sells an asset short is, as to that asset, a short seller.
There are a number of ways of achieving a short position. The most basic is physical selling short or short-selling, by which the short seller borrows an asset (often a security such as a share of stock or a bond) and quickly selling it. The short seller must later buy the same amount of the asset to return it to the lender. If the market value of the asset has fallen in the meantime, the short seller will have made a profit equal to the difference. Conversely, if the price has risen then the short seller will bear a loss. The short seller usually must pay handling fee to borrow the asset (charged at a particular rate over time, similar to an interest payment) and reimburse the lender for any cash return (such as a dividend) that was paid on the asset while borrowed.
A short position can also be created through a futures contract, forward contract, or option contract, by which the short seller assumes an obligation or right to sell an asset at a future date at a price stated in the contract. If the price of the asset falls below the contract price, the short seller can buy it at the lower market value and immediately sell it at the higher price specified in the contract. A short position can also be achieved through certain types of swap, such as a contract for difference. This is an agreements between two parties to pay each other the difference if the price of an asset rises or falls, under which the party that will benefit if the price falls will have a short position.
Because a short seller can incur a liability to the lender if the price rises, and because a short sale is normally done through a stockbroker, a short seller is typically required to post margin to its broker as collateral to ensure that any such liabilities can be met, and to post additional margin if losses begin to accrue. For analogous reasons, short positions in derivatives also usually involve the posting of margin with the counterparty. Any failure to post margin promptly would prompt the broker or counterparty to close the position.
A short sale may have a variety of objectives. Speculators may sell short hoping to realize a profit on an instrument that appears overvalued, just as long investors or speculators hope to profit from a rise in the price of an instrument that appears undervalued. Alternatively, traders or fund managers may use offsetting short positions to hedge certain risks that exist in a long position or a portfolio.
Research indicates that banning short selling is ineffective and has negative effects on markets.[1][2][3][4][5] Nevertheless, short selling is subject to criticism and periodically faces hostility from society and policymakers.[6]
To profit from a decrease in the price of a security, a short seller can borrow the security and sell it, expecting that it will be cheaper to repurchase in the future. When the seller decides that the time is right (or when the lender recalls the securities), the seller buys the same number of equivalent securities and returns them to the lender. The act of buying back the securities that were sold short is called covering the short, covering the position or simply covering. A short position can be covered at any time before the securities are due to be returned. Once the position is covered, the short seller is not affected by subsequent rises or falls in the price of the securities, for it already holds the securities that it will return to the lender. 152ee80cbc
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