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Doctors, pharmacists, and other health-care professionals use abbreviations, acronyms, and other terminology for instructions and information in regard to a patient's health condition, prescription drugs they are to take, or medical procedures that have been ordered. There is no approved this list of common medical abbreviations, acronyms, and terminology used by doctors and other health- care professionals. You can use this list of medical abbreviations and acronyms written by our doctors the next time you can't understand what is on your prescription package, blood test results, or medical procedure orders. Examples include:

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Afrihealth, a leading technology solutions provider in Nigeria, introduces Rigour+, a revolutionary medical super app designed to significantly improve emergency healthcare services across Africa, starting with Nigeria.

In densely populated and congested cities like Lagos, with a population of over 21 million, timely access to emergency medical services can be challenging due to traffic and inadequate infrastructure. Rigour+ offers a game-changing solution to save lives and provide essential support in critical situations, especially in urban areas where rapid response is crucial.

In Nigeria, the lack of efficient ambulance services has been a major contributor to high mortality rates, especially during emergencies. The country's Minister of Health, Dr. Osagie Ehanire, asserts that an efficient emergency medical treatment service could reduce mortality rates by nearly 50%, particularly at night.

The Rigour+ medical super app offers a range of features to improve emergency healthcare services for Nigerians and eventually, the entire African continent. In addition to ambulance services, the app provides:

Africa, a diverse and vibrant continent, has long grappled with disparities in healthcare access and quality. From the bustling metropolis of Lagos to remote villages across the continent, people have faced difficulties in obtaining prompt medical assistance and emergency services. Afrihealth, through the groundbreaking Rigour+ app, aims to bridge this gap and transform the healthcare landscape across Africa, starting with Nigeria.

The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights the potential impact of proper emergency care in low- and middle-income countries, stating that effective emergency medical services can avert up to 45% of deaths and 35% of disability-adjusted life years in these countries. By

Rigour+ stands as a groundbreaking medical super app with the potential to revolutionize emergency healthcare services in Nigeria, covering all 36 states and addressing burning health issues specific to each region. For instance, tackling the high maternal mortality rate in Kebbi, addressing malnutrition in Sokoto, combating the prevalence of malaria in Rivers, improving access to clean water in Enugu, and enhancing emergency care in highly populated cities like Lagos and Abuja.

This article is aimed at researchers and doctoral students new to thematic analysis by describing a framework to assist their processes. The detailed description of the methods used supports attempts to utilise the thematic analysis process and to determine rigour to support the establishment of credibility. This process will assist practitioners to be confident that the knowledge and claims contained within research are transferable to their practice. The approach described within this article builds on, and enhances, current accepted models.

In qualitative research replication of thematic analysis methods can be challenging given that many articles omit a detailed overview of qualitative process; this makes it difficult for a novice researcher to effectively mirror analysis strategies and processes and for experienced researchers to fully understand the rigour of the study. Even though descriptions of code book development exists in the literature [2, 3] there continues to be significant debate about what constitutes reliability and rigor in relation to qualitative coding [1]. In fact, the idea of demonstration of rigour and reliability is often overlooked or only briefly discussed creating difficulties for replication.

Research aims to determine the relationship between knowledge and practice through the demonstration of rigour, validity and reliability. This combination helps determine the trustworthiness of a project. This is often determined through detailed explanations of methods allowing replication and thus the application of findings, but the ability to replicate is often not considered appropriate in qualitative research. However, general consensus states that all research should be open to critique, which includes the integrity of the assumptions and conclusions reached [4]. That considered, a well described qualitative methodology utilising some components of quantitative frameworks could potentially have the same effect.

The goal of this article therefore is to highlight the difficulties of the demonstration of rigour in qualitative thematic analysis. It does this by investigating the assumption which states that replicability is not seen as necessary in qualitative research. It then continues this conversation by showing the process of a codebook development and its use as a means of analysing interview data, using a case study and real world data. It also aims to clearly discuss the approach to determining rigour and validly within thematic analysis as part of a research project. The description of analysis is embedded within the philosophical standpoint of critical realism and pragmatism, which adds depth to the utilisation of these methods in previous discussions [2, 7]. The clear description of the coding and reliability testing used in this analysis will assist replication and will support researchers and doctoral students hoping to demonstrate rigour in similar studies.

There are multiple reasons for the increase in CAM use cited in the literature including dissatisfaction with the biomedical model, increased perceived efficacy of CAM and an increase in training and practice of CAM therapies including biomedical appropriation of CAM skills [12]. Increasingly patients believe a combined approach of CAM and conventional medicine is better than either on its own, and more and more patients have the desire to discuss CAM with well-informed GPs [13].

The case example utilised a codebook as part of the thematic analysis. A codebook is a tool to assist analysis of large qualitative data sets. It defines codes and themes by giving detailed descriptions and restrictions on what can be included within a code, and provides concrete examples of each code. A code is often a word or short phrase that symbolically assigns a summative, salient, essence-capturing, or attribute for a portion of data [17]. The use of a codebook was deemed appropriate to allow for the testing of interpretations of the data, and to allow for demonstration of rigour within the project.

The development, use and testing of codebooks is not often reported in qualitative research reports, and rarely in enough detail for replication of the process. The decision to use and test a codebook was important in the demonstration of rigour in this project, as it allowed a clear trail of evidence for the validity of the study and also allowed ease of inter-rater reliability testing of the data. The combination of the inductive/deductive approach described earlier to codebook development meant that the codebook, in this instance, was deduced a priori from the initial search of the literature, the quantitative survey and the initial read of the raw interview data. The preliminary codebook underwent many iterations through the inductive process before the final version was agreed upon by the researchers. (The process of the codebook development is represented in Fig. 1). The utilisation of a codebook allowed a more refined, focused and efficient analysis of the raw data in subsequent reads [8]. The testing of reliability of codes was complex in the context of qualitative research as it could be seen as borrowing a concept from quantitative research and applying it to qualitative research. Yet when adopting the critical realist lens, it is acknowledged that interpretation would be difficult to infer to a wider group without establishing some line of reliability between testers. As this project was aimed directly at practical utility of its findings, the testing approach seemed appropriate.

The patient had similarly presented to the STI clinic 5 months previously as a contact of a gonorrhea case and was treated with 1 intramuscular dose of 250 mg of ceftriaxone (reconstituted with 0.9 mL of 1% lidocaine) plus 1 oral dose of 1 g of azithromycin.1,2 This treatment was administered at the clinic. He experienced no reaction after treatment (both immediately after treatment and during the following day): no nausea, no emesis, no diarrhea, and no rigour. His test results at that time were negative for gonorrhea and chlamydia (urine nucleic acid amplification testing [NAAT], and pharyngeal and rectal cultures). He did not undergo serology testing at the clinic, but had documented negative HIV and syphilis test results from this time.

Visit 2. On returning to the clinic 8 days after the first visit, the patient was asymptomatic. To determine the need for gonorrhea re-treatment, I inquired if he had had issues with treatment. He denied nausea, emesis, and diarrhea, and he denied sexual contact with untreated partners. He reported rigour about 2 hours after receiving gonorrhea treatment; rigour lasted less than 12 hours and resolved spontaneously. He denied rashes, mucosal irritation and pain, myalgia, and arthralgia. He denied experiencing such symptoms when he was treated empirically for gonorrhea 5 months earlier. 17dc91bb1f