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The following pronunciation respelling key is used in some Wikipedia articles to respell the pronunciations of English words. It does not use special symbols or diacritics apart from the schwa (tag_hash_107), which is used for the first sound in the word "about". See documentation for {{Respell}} for examples and instructions on using the template.

Respelled syllables are visually separated by hyphens ("-"), and the stress on a syllable is indicated by capital letters. For example, the word "pronunciation" (/prnnsien/) is respelled pr-NUN-see-AY-shn. In this example, the primary and secondary stress are not distinguished because the difference is automatic. In words where primary stress precedes secondary stress, however, the secondary stress should not be differentiated from unstressed syllables; for example, "motorcycle" (transcribed with the stress /motrsakl/ in American dictionaries, /motrsakl/ in British) should be respelled as MOH-tr-sy-kl because MOH-tr-SY-kl would incorrectly suggest the pronunciation /motrsakl/.

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As designated in Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation, the standard set of symbols used to show the pronunciation of English words on Wikipedia is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The IPA has significant advantages over this respelling system, as it can be used to accurately represent pronunciations from any language in the world, and (being an international standard) is often more familiar to European/Commonwealth and non-native speakers of English. On the other hand, the IPA (being designed to represent sounds from any language in the world) is not as intuitive for those chiefly familiar with English orthography, for whom this respelling system is likely to be easier for English words and names. So, while the IPA is the required form of representing pronunciation, respelling remains optional. It should not be used for representing non-English words or an approximation thereof.

Sometimes another means of indicating a pronunciation is more desirable than this respelling system, such as when a name is intended to be a homonym of an existing English word or phrase, or in case of an initialism or a name composed of numbers or symbols. When citing a homonym, it should not be enclosed in the {{respell}} template. In such cases, an IPA notation is usually nevertheless needed, but not necessarily so; see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation Other transcription systems for further discussion.

\nWelcome to Ask the Editor. I'm Emily Brewster, an associate editor at Merriam-Webster.\u00a0\nA mischievous nuclear scientist went to the library.\n\u00a0\nDoes that annoy you? Sorry, or maybe it sounded fine to you.\n\u00a0\nOkay. My silly sentence included three questionable pronunciations ...\n\u00a0\nmis-\u02c8ch\u0113-v\u0113-\u0259s instead of mis-ch\u0259-v\u0259s,\nny\u00fc-ky\u0259-l\u0259r instead of\u02c8n\u00fc-kl\u0113-\u0259r,\nand l\u012b-\u02ccber-\u0113 for \u02c8l\u012b-\u02ccbrer-\u0113,\n\u00a0\n... all of which are in our dictionaries. But we don't simply enter the variant pronunciations and leave it at that.\n\u00a0\nEach is introduced by a symbol that tells the reader that the variant occurs in educated speech but is considered by some to be questionable or unacceptable. In other words, use with caution.\n\u00a0\nBut where did these variant pronunciations come from?\n\u00a0\nOne source is the influence of other words. Nothing rhymes with mis-ch\u0259-v\u0259s but mis-\u02c8ch\u0113-v\u0113-\u0259s has devious and previous to make it sound correct.\n\u00a0\nIn the case of ny\u00fc-ky\u0259-l\u0259r, the less familiar -kl\u0113-\u0259r sound is replaced with the -ky\u0259-l\u0259r of words like circular and molecular.\n\u00a0\nLi-ber-e lost its R due to dissimilation. That's when you change or omit one of two identical or closely related sounds in a word, usually R.\n\u00a0\nThese explanations hardly comfort those who really dislike the variant pronunciations. These folks would like us all to say, a mischievous nuclear scientist went to the library because it reflects spelling. The problem with this reasoning is that English pronunciation quite frequently demonstrates utter disregard for spelling.\n\u00a0\nHow do you spell through?\nUh-huh.\nAnd though?\nMmm hmm.\nAnd how about rough?\nRight.\n\u00a0\nYou see, spoken language is primary, not written language, and in the case of English, the language as it's spoken continues to change while its spelling is pretty stable and is largely based on the spoken language of several centuries ago, back when two knights were tw\u014d knikts.\n\u00a0\nFor more from our Ask the Editor series visit merriam-webster.com.","fb_legacy_url":"\/video\/0034-mispron.htm","is_editor_choice":0,"is_archived":0,"is_published":1,"published_at":"2011-12-05 05:16:00","last_published_at":"2011-12-05 05:16:00","created_at":"2011-12-05 17:16:14","updated_at":"2022-05-16 13:24:55","tldr":null,"jw_id":"q1kqtZ0b","promo_date":null,"promo_type":"None","promo_index":1,"promo_bucket":"none","promo_category_type":"None","promo_category_index":0}; Dictionary Entries Near pronunciation pronunciamento

Section 2. Pronunciation Alphabets describes the legal values of the alphabet attribute for specifying a pronunciation alphabet. The Working Group is requesting the creation of a Pronunciation Alphabet registry with IANA so that pronunciation alphabets other than "ipa" can be also used. The location of the registry will be provided at when the registry becomes available. A future version of the PLS specification may permit values from this registry to be used in the alphabet attribute.

The accurate specification of pronunciation is critical to the success of speech applications. Most Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and Text-To-Speech (TTS) engines internally provide extensive high quality lexicons with pronunciation information for many words or phrases. To ensure a maximum coverage of the words or phrases used by an application, application-specific pronunciations may be required. For example, these may be needed for proper nouns such as surnames or business names.

The Pronunciation Lexicon Specification (PLS) is designed to enable interoperable specification of pronunciation information for both ASR and TTS engines. The language is intended to be easy to use by developers while supporting the accurate specification of pronunciation information for international use.

The language allows one or more pronunciations for a word or phrase to be specified using a standard pronunciation alphabet or if necessary using vendor specific alphabets. Pronunciations are grouped together into a PLS document which may be referenced from other markup languages, such as the Speech Recognition Grammar Specification [SRGS] and the Speech Synthesis Markup Language [SSML].

In its most general sense, a lexicon is merely a list of words or phrases, possibly containing information associated with and related to the items in the list. This document uses the term "lexicon" in only one specific way, as "pronunciation lexicon". In this particular document, "lexicon" means a mapping between words (or short phrases), their written representations, and their pronunciations suitable for use by an ASR engine or a TTS engine. Pronunciation lexicons are not only useful for voice browsers; they have also proven effective mechanisms to support accessibility for persons with disabilities as well as greater usability for all users. They are used to good effect in screen readers and user agents supporting multimodal interfaces.

The PLS engine will load the external PLS document and transparently apply the pronunciations during the processing of the SSML document. An application may contain several distinct PLS documents to be used at different points within the application. Section 3.1.4 of [SSML] describes how to use more than one lexicon document referenced in a SSML document.

Given that many platform/browser/text editor combinations do not correctly cut and paste Unicode text, IPA symbols may be entered as numeric character references (see Section 4.1 on Character and Entity References of either XML 1.0 [XML10] or XML 1.1 [XML11]) in the pronunciation. However, the UTF-8 representation of an IPA symbol should always be used in preference to its numeric character reference. In order to overcome potential problems with viewing the UTF-8 representation of IPA symbols in this document, pronunciation examples are also shown in a comment using numeric character references.

If a pronunciation lexicon is referenced by a SRGS grammar it can allow multiple pronunciations of the word in the grammar to accommodate different speaking styles. Here is the same grammar with a reference to an external PLS document.

The current specification is focused on the major features described in the requirements document [REQS]. The most complex features have been postponed to a future revision of this specification. Some of the complex features not included, for instance, are the introduction of morphological, syntactic and semantic information associated with pronunciations (such as word stems, inter-word semantic links, pronunciation statistics, etc.). Many of these features can be specified using RDF [RDF-XMLSYNTAX] that reference lexemes within one or more pronunciation lexicons.

A phonemic/phonetic alphabet is used to specify a pronunciation. An alphabet in this context refers to a collection of symbols to represent the sounds of one or more human languages. In the PLS specification the pronunciation alphabet is specified by the alphabet attribute (see Section 4.1 and Section 4.6 for details on the use of this attribute). The only valid values for the alphabet attribute are "ipa" (see the next paragraph) and vendor-defined strings of the form "x-organization" or "x-organization-alphabet". For example, the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association [JEITA] might wish to encourage the use of an alphabet such as "x-jeita" or "x-jeita-2000" for their phoneme alphabet [JEIDAALPHABET]. Another example might be "x-sampa" [X-SAMPA], an extension of the SAMPA phonetic alphabet [SAMPA] to cover the entire range of characters in the International Phonetic Alphabet [IPA]. e24fc04721