I have a base class that contains some lists, queues, and other fields which determine its state. In the base class I only access these fields within a protected lock object since there could be multiple threads using it. I provide methods for inheritors of this base class and these methods use the lock object to ensure the state remains valid. (In other words, the classes that inherit from the base access the methods rather than the individual fields themselves so they don't need to know/remember to use the lock object). So my inclination is to make the lock object and fields private so I never need to worry about inheritors using them wrong. The downside to that approach is that anytime inheriting classes need new functionality with these fields I need to modify the base class to create a new method.

Once you've reconsidered, make the lock object as public as the most public shared state. If you trust derived types to use the state properly, then you should trust them to handle the locking properly. If you don't provide the lock, they'll be tempted to have another locking mechanism leading to possible deadlock, concurrency bugs, and thermonuclear war.


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Ok I'm not a jet owner, I'm a novel writer. I wanted to get my airplane facts right for the story. Say my character has a mid-size (can go overseas) private jet. Has a door lock on the outside door and cargo bay. The bad guys stole his keys, so now he's locked out. My character is a pilot and is with a friend who is a jet mechanic. If the mechanic has tools, and 24 hrs, would they be able to get in to their jet and fly it?

It depends on the exact model. Bobby pins or any key that physically fits will get you into some, you'll need real picks for others, and some custom jobs may require a police snap gun or a locksmith's services. This doesn't correlate with aircraft price: the larger and more advanced, the less likely it is to have any locks at all. At the high end, jumbo jets have no locks and have a (not so) convenient hatch in the gear well, so you can climb inside even without a ladder.

Mechanical locks, with the exception of the more robust types used on burglary-resistant safes and vaults, offer only very superficial security. Airplanes are protected against professional threats by external access restrictions (fences, hangars, guards). When parked at a small local airport, opportunistic theft is deterred by "security through obscurity": very few people are able to operate one, with model-specific skills are involved, and even fewer could make use of a stolen jet. Unlike car parts, aircraft parts come with paperwork.

The locks used on most aircraft doors are small pin and tumbler cylinder types that can only protect against passers-by. The stock locks on the most popular light planes even use wafer tumblers, which offer no resistance to picking - some light bumping with a key from another lock of the same type will get it open. Quite a few owners have opened plane doors with a wrong key by accident.

If you're not concerned about property damage, as in an emergency situation, no picking skill is required to open the kind of locks you'd find on a private aircraft. A non-matching key or a flat-head screwdriver, jammed into the keyhole and forcefully rotated with a pair of pliers, can break small cylinder locks' pins and allow the lock to open. Larger locks require a bit more effort, but it's all fairly intuitive work of destroying what's in the way of opening the latch.

In non-pressurized aircraft, you can also bypass many locking mechanisms by applying well-directed force, which slightly deforms the door to allow the latch can exit the door frame. In some cases this can be done non-destructively, just by elastic deformation. Pressurized doors fit too tightly for this, but the lock is still a standalone device, not tied into the door's operating and sealing mechanism, so damaging it won't leave the plane inoperable.

24 hours is far more time than would ever be needed. 1 hour is enough time to get a professional locksmith, which, with proof of ownership, can get you into any stock aircraft/boat/car/other vehicle with usually no damage to the lock. Another hour will get you a new set of keys, or a change of locks with new working keys.

The time it takes to get into a locked aircraft, in an emergency situation, should be between 20 seconds and 20 minutes, depending on the plane, the characters' skills and equipment, and their willingness to damage the lock. For a larger jet you'll definitely be going after the lock, not the door.

The only entry-resistant doors in aviation are those separating airliner cockpits from the passenger cabin, with electronic locks and solid locking mechanisms. They're rated against different threat models than UL vault doors, but my best estimate based on their construction and weight would place these doors at around TL-15 level, with about 15 minutes of power tools resistance.

The only key lock you might encounter on a corporate jet will be a pin/tumbler lock securing the outside operating handle of the main entry door. You won't find anything exotic unless the owner has gone out of his way to install something. Just about all pin tumber and disc detainer locks can be picked fairly easily with some skill and practice and the right picking tools (an electric picking rake or a snap gun makes it so easy pretty much anyone can do it).

Getting into a private jet would be the easy part. Safely taking off in a jet in which you are not familiar is hard. Taking off in a private jet without arousing suspicion would be way harder. Especially if the jet were based at that particular airport. Most private jets are not hangared at airports small enough not to be towered and/or attended.

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Aside from a handful of states where legislation extends public records disclosures to private corporations taking government money such as Connecticut, Florida, and South Carolina, private prisons are not covered by the same freedom of information and open records laws as are other government functions, making it difficult for the public to learn the most basic information about what life is like behind its doors. And even in those states, federal immigration detention centers are exempt from those state laws. This incentivizes cover-ups.

To start, state and the federal governments ought to require outside monitors to pop-in unannounced at private prisons. Far too often, when I asked departments of corrections how they monitored private prisons, they told me that government prison monitors would call ahead and tell the private facility what day they would be there. Changing this alone could provide the oversight we ought to demand of these facilities.

And private prison corporations should have to abide by the same disclosure requirements as government-run prisons and detention centers. This can be done through passing state or federal legislation; through litigation, which resulted in changes to disclosure requirements in Tennessee and Texas; or through writing this into every state or federal government contract with a private prison.

The KL15 Public Function is ideal for short term, multiple occupancy applications. The user enters a personal four digit code, this locks the lock. The same code is entered once only to open the lock, the lock remains open ready for the next user.

Clean by Codelocks is an optional finish which can be applied to any of our Codelocks products. Clean by Codelocks features an ISO certified* photocatalytic coating which, when applied to our locks, offers enhanced protection against viruses, bacteria, germs and other environmental toxins.

There are two ways to synchronize access to shared mutable variables: method synchronization and block synchronization. Methods declared as synchronized and blocks that synchronize on the this reference both use the object as a monitor (that is, its intrinsic lock). An attacker can manipulate the system to trigger contention and deadlock by obtaining and indefinitely holding the intrinsic lock of an accessible class, consequently causing a denial of service (DoS).

One technique for preventing this vulnerability is the private lock object idiom [Bloch 2001]. This idiom uses the intrinsic lock associated with the instance of a private final java.lang.Object declared within the class instead of the intrinsic lock of the object itself. This idiom requires the use of synchronized blocks within the class's methods rather than the use of synchronized methods. Lock contention between the class's methods and those of a hostile class becomes impossible because the hostile class cannot access the private final lock object.

Static methods and state also share this vulnerability. When a static method is declared synchronized, it acquires the intrinsic lock of the class object before any statements in its body are executed, and it releases the intrinsic lock when the method completes. Untrusted code that has access to an object of the class, or of a subclass, can use the getClass() method to gain access to the class object and consequently manipulate the class object's intrinsic lock. Protect static data by locking on a private static final Object. Reducing the accessibility of the class to package-private provides further protection against untrusted callers.

The private lock object idiom is also suitable for classes that are designed for inheritance. When a superclass requests a lock on the object's monitor, a subclass can interfere with its operation. For example, a subclass may use the superclass object's intrinsic lock for performing unrelated operations, causing lock contention and deadlock. Separating the locking strategy of the superclass from that of the subclass ensures that they do not share a common lock and also permits fine-grained locking by supporting the use of multiple lock objects for unrelated operations. This increases the overall responsiveness of the application. 9af72c28ce

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