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The PRISMA statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a 4-phase flow diagram. These items have been adapted for use by students conducting systematic reviews as part of the course requirements for KIN 4400.

Scoping reviews, a type of knowledge synthesis, follow a systematic approach to map evidence on a topic and identify main concepts, theories, sources, and knowledge gaps. Although more scoping reviews are being done, their methodological and reporting quality need improvement. This document presents the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist and explanation. The checklist was developed by a 24-member expert panel and 2 research leads following published guidance from the EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) Network. The final checklist contains 20 essential reporting items and 2 optional items. The authors provide a rationale and an example of good reporting for each item. The intent of the PRISMA-ScR is to help readers (including researchers, publishers, commissioners, policymakers, health care providers, guideline developers, and patients or consumers) develop a greater understanding of relevant terminology, core concepts, and key items to report for scoping reviews.

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The PRISMA 2020 for Abstracts checklist retains the same items as those included in the PRISMA for Abstracts statement published in 201329 but has been revised to make the wording consistent with the PRISMA 2020 statement and includes a new item recommending authors specify the methods used to present and synthesize results (item #6). The checklist includes the following 12 items:

A review protocol is distinct from a register entry for a review. A review protocol outlines in detail the pre-planned objectives and methods intended to be used to conduct the review, helping to anticipate/avoid potential problems before embarking on a review and providing a methodical approach to prevent arbitrary decision making during the review process.22 Systematic reviewers are encouraged to report their protocols in accordance with the PRISMA guidance for protocols (PRISMA-P).21 PRISMA-P consists of a checklist21 accompanied by a detailed guidance document providing researchers with a step-by-step approach for documenting a systematic review protocol.22

A three-day meeting was held in Ottawa, Canada, in June 2005 with 29 participants, including review authors, methodologists, clinicians, medical editors, and a consumer. The objective of the Ottawa meeting was to revise and expand the QUOROM checklist and flow diagram, as needed.

The executive committee completed the following tasks, prior to the meeting: a systematic review of studies examining the quality of reporting of systematic reviews, and a comprehensive literature search to identify methodological and other articles that might inform the meeting, especially in relation to modifying checklist items. An international survey of review authors, consumers, and groups commissioning or using systematic reviews and meta-analyses was completed, including the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) and the Guidelines International Network (GIN). The survey aimed to ascertain views of QUOROM, including the merits of the existing checklist items. The results of these activities were presented during the meeting and are summarized on the PRISMA Web site ( -statement.org/).

Only items deemed essential were retained or added to the checklist. Some additional items are nevertheless desirable, and review authors should include these, if relevant [10]. For example, it is useful to indicate whether the systematic review is an update [11] of a previous review, and to describe any changes in procedures from those described in the original protocol.

Shortly after the meeting a draft of the PRISMA checklist was circulated to the group, including those invited to the meeting but unable to attend. A disposition file was created containing comments and revisions from each respondent, and the checklist was subsequently revised 11 times. The group approved the checklist, flow diagram, and this summary paper.

The PRISMA Statement consists of a 27-item checklist (Table 1; see also Text S1 for a downloadable Word template for researchers to re-use) and a four-phase flow diagram (Figure 1; see also Figure S1 for a downloadable Word template for researchers to re-use). The aim of the PRISMA Statement is to help authors improve the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. We have focused on randomized trials, but PRISMA can also be used as a basis for reporting systematic reviews of other types of research, particularly evaluations of interventions. PRISMA may also be useful for critical appraisal of published systematic reviews. However, the PRISMA checklist is not a quality assessment instrument to gauge the quality of a systematic review.

Several approaches have been developed to conduct systematic reviews on a broader array of questions. For example, systematic reviews are now conducted to investigate cost-effectiveness [31], diagnostic [32] or prognostic questions [33], genetic associations [34], and policy making [35]. The general concepts and topics covered by PRISMA are all relevant to any systematic review, not just those whose objective is to summarize the benefits and harms of a health care intervention. However, some modifications of the checklist items or flow diagram will be necessary in particular circumstances. For example, assessing the risk of bias is a key concept, but the items used to assess this in a diagnostic review are likely to focus on issues such as the spectrum of patients and the verification of disease status, which differ from reviews of interventions. The flow diagram will also need adjustments when reporting individual patient data meta-analysis [36].

We have developed an explanatory document [18] to increase the usefulness of PRISMA. For each checklist item, this document contains an example of good reporting, a rationale for its inclusion, and supporting evidence, including references, whenever possible. We believe this document will also serve as a useful resource for those teaching systematic review methodology. We encourage journals to include reference to the explanatory document in their Instructions to Authors.

Like any evidence-based endeavor, PRISMA is a living document. To this end we invite readers to comment on the revised version, particularly the new checklist and flow diagram, through the PRISMA Web site. We will use such information to inform PRISMA's continued development.

ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: DM AL JT DGA. Wrote the first draft of the paper: DM AL DGA. Contributed to the writing of the paper: DM AL JT DGA. Participated in regular conference calls, identified the participants, secured funds, planned the meeting, participated in the meeting, and drafted the manuscript: DM AL DGA. Participated in identifying the evidence base for PRISMA, refining the checklist, and drafting the manuscript: JT. Agree with the recommendations: DM AL JT DGA.

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) is a 27-item checklist used to improve transparency in systematic reviews. These items cover all aspects of the manuscript, including title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and funding. The PRISMA checklist can be downloaded in PDF or Word files.

Systematic reviews follow the same structure as original research articles, but you will need to report on your search instead of on details like the participants or sampling. Sections of your manuscript are shown as bold headings in the PRISMA checklist.

Use of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist and its extensions ensures that researchers produce high-quality, thorough systematic reviews. It also facilitates a more efficient peer review process. Using the updated 2020 PRISMA statement, including the PRISMA checklist, can also help optimize the writing of protocols and the discussion of outcomes.

Knowing how to use the PRISMA checklist can reap numerous benefits. These include producing a thorough and transparent systematic review, which allows readers to easily assess the strengths and weaknesses of the review results. In addition, sound review methodology can be easily replicated, giving readers confidence in your results. PRISMA provides a standard structure and format that makes reviews go more smoothly.

Organizations that are required to report to regulatory bodies will need to follow specific guidelines or standards when it comes to reporting. The PRISMA checklist provides a comprehensive and unassailable record of all the methods and processes used. This information provides a strong audit trail for any regulators and review boards.

With all aspects of the research documented in a standardized format, it is easy for an auditor or other notified body to confirm that the research followed required standards and best practices. The PRISMA checklist provides a level of trust when the data and findings are eventually presented or published.

Another key benefit of the PRISMA checklist is that it helps expedite and improve the efficiency of systematic reviews. This has become all the more important as the volume of new scientific literature generated by researchers continues to grow.

By following all 27 items specified in the checklist, everyone is working with a common set of parameters. As such, there will be a higher level of transparency as well as efficiency whenever a systematic review is conducted.

The checklist is an evidence-based minimum set of items that are required for reporting in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. It aids in the process of planning, developing, identifying key concepts, developing criteria, and following guidelines and protocols alongside standards and methods. 2351a5e196