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A low-cost, recyclable powder can kill thousands of waterborne bacteria per second when exposed to sunlight. Stanford and SLAC scientists say the ultrafast disinfectant could be a revolutionary advance for 2 billion people worldwide without access to safe drinking water.

The new disinfectant developed at Stanford is a harmless metallic powder that works by absorbing both UV and high-energy visible light from the sun. The powder consists of nano-size flakes of aluminum oxide, molybdenum sulfide, copper, and iron oxide.

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The nontoxic powder is also recyclable. Iron oxide enables the nanoflakes to be removed from water with an ordinary magnet. In the study, the researchers used magnetism to collect the same powder 30 times to treat 30 different samples of contaminated water.

The study focused on E. coli, which can cause severe gastrointestinal illness and can even be life-threatening. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has set the maximum contaminant-level goal for E. coli in drinking water at zero. The Stanford and SLAC team plans to test the new powder on other waterborne pathogens, including viruses, protozoa and parasites that also cause serious diseases and death.

Talcum powder is made from talc. Talc is a mineral made up mainly of magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. As a powder, it absorbs moisture well and helps cut down on friction, making it useful for keeping skin dry and helping prevent rashes. It is widely used in cosmetic products such as baby powder and adult body and facial powders, as well as in a number of other consumer products.

When talking about whether talcum powder is linked to cancer, it is important to distinguish between talc that contains asbestos and talc that is asbestos-free. Talc that has asbestos is generally accepted as being able to cause cancer if it is inhaled. The evidence about asbestos-free talc is less clear.

It has been suggested that talcum powder might cause cancer in the ovaries if the powder particles (applied to the genital area or on sanitary napkins, diaphragms, or condoms) were to travel through the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes to the ovaries.

Many studies in women have looked at the possible link between talcum powder and ovarian cancer. Findings have been mixed, with some studies reporting a slightly increased risk and some reporting no increase.

Researchers have tried to address this by combining the results of different studies (known as a meta-analysis), but even this type of research has had mixed results. For example, in an analysis combining the results of the major cohort studies there was no overall increased risk of ovarian cancer, while in an analysis of both case-control and cohort studies, frequent talcum powder use (defined as at least twice a week) was linked with an increased risk.

One study suggested genital talcum powder use may slightly increase the risk of endometrial (uterine) cancer in women who are past menopause. But other studies have not found such a link. Further studies are needed to explore this topic.

Studies of personal use of talcum powder have had mixed results, although there is some suggestion of a possible increase in ovarian cancer risk. There is very little evidence at this time that any other forms of cancer are linked with consumer use of talcum powder.

For powder forms of this medication, measure each dose according to the directions on the product label. Mix in a full glass of water or other liquid (8 ounces/240 milliliters), stir completely, and drink right away. You may add more liquid to the mixture if it becomes too thick. When preparing the medication, be careful not to breathe in the powder since it may rarely cause an allergic reaction.

Powdered cocaine (cocaine hydrochloride) is a stimulant that is extracted from the leaves of the coca plant, which is native to South America. In the late 19th century cocaine was used as an anesthetic, but the availability of safer drugs rendered many of its medical applications obsolete. Today powdered cocaine is abused for the intense euphoric effects it produces.

Selective laser sintering (SLS) machines are made up of three components (Gibson et al., 2010): a heat source to fuse the material, a method to control this heat source and a mechanism to add new layers of material over the previous. The SLS process benefits from requiring no additional support structure, as the powder material provides adequate model support throughout the build process. The build platform is within a temperature controlled chamber, where the temperature is usually a few degrees below that of the material melting point, reducing the dependency of the laser to fuse layers together. The chamber is often filled with nitrogen to maximise oxidation and end quality of the model. Models require a cool down period to ensure a high tolerance and quality of fusion. Some machines monitor the temperature layer by layer and adapt the power and wattage of the laser respectively to improve quality.

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Compared to SLS, SLM is often faster (Gibson et al., 2010), but requires the use of an inert gas, has higher energy costs and typically has a poor energy efficiency of 10 to 20 % (Gibson et al., 2010). The process uses either a roller or a blade to spread new layers of powder over previous layers. When a blade is sed, it is often vibrated to encourage a more even distribution of powder (Gibson et al., 2010). A hopper or a reservoir below or aside the bed provides a fresh material supply.

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) uses the same process as SLS, but with the use of metals and not plastic powders. The process sinters the powder, layer by layer and a range of engineering metals are available.

Electron Beam Melting (EBM) Layers are fused using an electron beam to melt metal powders. Machine manufacturer Arcam used electromagnetic coils to control the beam and a vacuum pressure of 110-5 mba (EBM Arcam , 2014). EBM provides models with very good strength properties due to an even temperature distribution of during fusion (Chua et al., 2010). The high quality and finish that the process allows for makes it suited to the manufacture of high standard parts used in aeroplanes and medical applications. The process offers a number of benefits over traditional methods of implant creation, including hip stem prosthesis (Agaruala, 1995). Compared to CNC machining, using EBM with titanium and a layer thickness of 0.1mm, can achieve better results, in an faster time and can reduce the cost by up to 35%.

Post processing requirements include removing excess powder and further cleaning and CNC work. One advantage and common aim of post processing is to increase the density and therefore the structural strength of a part. Liquid phase sintering is a method of melting the metal powder or powder combination in order to achieve homogenisation and a more continuous microstructure throughout the material, however, shrinking during the process must be accounted for. Hot isotactic pressing is another method to increase density; a vacuum sealed chamber is used to exert high pressures and temperatures of the material. Although this is an effective technique to improve strength, the trade-off is a longer and more expensive build time.

The European Food Safety Authority recommends 0.1 ounces (2.5 grams) of high-flavanol cocoa powder or 0.4 ounces (10 grams) of high-flavanol dark chocolate containing at least 200 mg of flavanols per day to achieve heart health benefits (42).

For heart health, include 0.1 ounces (2.5 grams) of high-flavanol cocoa powder or 0.4 ounces (10 grams) of high-flavanol chocolate in your diet. Adding cocoa can give a delicious chocolate taste to your dishes.

Importance: The relationship between use of powder in the genital area and ovarian cancer is not established. Positive associations reported in case-control studies have not been confirmed in cohort studies.

Main outcomes and measures: The primary analysis examined the association between ever use of powder in the genital area and self-reported incident ovarian cancer. Covariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results: The pooled sample included 252 745 women (median age at baseline, 57 years) with 38% self-reporting use of powder in the genital area. Ten percent reported long-term use, and 22% reported frequent use. During a median of 11.2 years of follow-up (3.8 million person-years at risk), 2168 women developed ovarian cancer (58 cases/100 000 person-years). Ovarian cancer incidence was 61 cases/100 000 person-years among ever users and 55 cases/100 000 person-years among never users (estimated risk difference at age 70 years, 0.09% [95% CI, -0.02% to 0.19%]; estimated HR, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.99 to 1.17]). The estimated HR for frequent vs never use was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.97 to 1.23) and for long-term vs never use, the HR was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.82 to 1.25). Subgroup analyses were conducted for 10 variables; the tests for heterogeneity were not statistically significant for any of these comparisons. While the estimated HR for the association between ever use of powder in the genital area and ovarian cancer risk among women with a patent reproductive tract was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.26), the P value for interaction comparing women with vs without patent reproductive tracts was .15.

Conclusions and relevance: In this analysis of pooled data from women in 4 US cohorts, there was not a statistically significant association between use of powder in the genital area and incident ovarian cancer. However, the study may have been underpowered to identify a small increase in risk.

Gunpowder, also commonly known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, carbon (in the form of charcoal), and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). The sulfur and carbon act as fuels while the saltpeter is an oxidizer.[1][2] Gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rocketry, and pyrotechnics, including use as a blasting agent for explosives in quarrying, mining, building pipelines, tunnels,[3] and roads. 17dc91bb1f