"Based on the best-selling novel".Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, born in the stench of eighteenth century Paris, develops a superior olfactory sense, which he uses to create the world's finest perfumes. His work, however, takes a dark turn as he tries to preserve scents in the search for the ultimate perfume.
MARK SCHAPIRO, Reporter: [voice-over] Time is a fiction, they say. In this remote corner of Brazil's Atlantic Coast, an ancient forest seemingly unspoiled by modern life, beyond the reach of men, machines and markets. But look closer and you'll see that something very different is happening here.
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MARK SCHAPIRO: [voice-over] Ricardo da Britez is the chief forest scientist in this reserve. He oversees the carbon counting here. His measurements are being followed closely by people around the world trying to figure out how to buy and sell this carbon on the international market.
MARK SCHAPIRO: Conservation groups identified this area, known as Guaraquecaba, as one of the most threatened eco-hotspots in the world. Even Al Gore visited, triggering international attention.
MARK SCHAPIRO: The Nature Conservancy tried for years to raise funds, but the big money didn't start pouring into the region until fears began to rise about climate change, and a new reason to save the trees, carbon, brought in three large American companies.
RICARDO DA BRITEZ: [subtitles] The companies were interested in carbon credits. Each company supported a different project. The first one was supported by American Electric Power.
MARK SCHAPIRO: Da Britez explained how in 2000, American Electric Power, the utility giant, bought into an area the size of Manhattan. Then came the car company General Motors, and finally, Chevron oil. The three companies invested a total of $18 million to preserve this forest.
CLOVIS BORGES, Executive Director, SPVS: We will purchase part of the land of the region and preserve these areas. And the carbon provided, or the carbon credits that could be provided ? it's not a guarantee ? will be the results that this company can have.
MARK SCHAPIRO: [voice-over] But what is a carbon credit? And why are so many people so interested in buying and selling something that didn't even exist five years ago? It's a question I've been investigating. Before I left for Brazil, I met with veteran Wall Street executive Tom Lewis.
TOM LEWIS, CEO, NYMEX Green Exchange: People often ask the question, ``What is the difference between carbon and other commodities?'' And in many cases, it's exactly the same as another commodity. It trades precisely in the same way. Globally, it's considered about a $300 billion market today. But the expectation is that within a decade, that market could be between $2 trillion and $3 trillion.
MARK SCHAPIRO: Mike Morris is CEO of American Electric Power, the largest operator of coal-fired power plants in the country. He told us that investing in cleaner technology is expensive and takes time, and the only way he would be able to meet emission targets would be to purchase carbon credits.
MICHAEL MORRIS: We'll purchase credits. We'll be in the credit market, along with many, many other people. And so we need the kinds of things that will create credits in the most cost-effective way.
Most of us, if asked, would say it sounds like a great plan, save a tree and soak up the carbon. But most of us don't live here. And this man does. He's a farmer who lives between the GM and American Electric Power reserves.
MARK SCHAPIRO: With all these new assets on the line, forest enforcement in Guaraquecaba has been stepped up. This branch of the state military, called the Green Police or Forca Verde, was established decades ago to protect against environmental crimes. Now, due to the avid American interest in the carbon, their mission has taken on a new focus, protecting the forest from the people who live there.
ANTONIO ALVES: [subtitles] They circled around here. They took out their gun and kicked in the door. I was there and came out, and the guy had a gun pointed at my chest.
MARK SCHAPIRO: Antonio Alves's land borders the GM reserve and he has had multiple run-ins with the Green Police. On one occasion he told us that his roof was leaking and he couldn't afford the materials to fix it. So he went out to find wood in the forest where he lives.
ANTONIO ALVES: [subtitles] And then two police officers showed up. One puts a gun right here. I looked at him and turned off my chainsaw. They handcuffed me right there. There is a law that you can't chop down a tree. It's not legal. But if you're not clear-cutting a forest, just cutting three or four trees to build a house, I don't think it's a crime. They think it is.
MARK SCHAPIRO: Alves spent 11 days in jail for his crime and has since moved away because of continued harassment by the Green Police. It's a complaint that's increased since the carbon reserves were established.
The Nature Conservancy declined to speak with us on camera. In public statements, they point to the jobs they've created in the reserve and their reforestation of degraded lands. They make no mention of those being displaced from the forest.
CLOVIS BORGES, Executive Director, SPVS: During our 17 years in Guaraquecaba, we were accused from everything. I think this is part of the process. What we are doing is try to demonstrate that we really were able to develop one project that can link the carbon with conservation. Maybe we are not right, but we are trying to deal with something very tough, and we don't have enough time because destruction of nature is happening everywhere very quickly.
MARK SCHAPIRO: The stakes here in Brazil are clear everywhere you go. Deforestation has made Brazil into the world's third largest greenhouse gas emitter. For years, they looked the other way. But now Brazil is facing the problem head on. We went to the front line of deforestation with a team of federal agents.
MARK SCHAPIRO: [voice-over] There they were, illegal loggers? truck after truck loaded with logs, all day and into the night. And this was just one road in one corner of the Amazon, but it was a scene likely playing itself out across the country.
In the light of day, the agents took stock of their catch. The scene was familiar. They were measuring the trees, but the numbers here told a very different story. This federal agent told us how much this tree is worth on the black market.
MARK SCHAPIRO: One thousand dollars. In other words, a tree worth $1 on the carbon market could be worth a thousand times that to an illegal sawmill. Reversing these economics, the U.N. estimates, will take an immediate global investment of $25 billion. But who will pay for it? And who will get the money?
For centuries, foreigners have been coming to Brazil to extract its riches, and many started here in the port city of Manaus. It's a booming free-for-all at the gateway to the Amazon. And now the local governor is turning the tables.
Gov. EDUARDO BRAGA: [at rally, subtitles] Taking care of our forest is fundamental for our future generations. Our people are the guardians of the forest, and we need to be recognized and paid for the environmental benefits that the forest creates for developed countries.
What we understand in Brazil is that the forest belongs to our people, but this forest is providing environmental service worldwide. So we must recognize that and we must pay the people who take care of these trees.
MARK SCHAPIRO: And that's exactly what Braga says he is doing. He invited us deep into the heart of the Amazon to see for ourselves. Here in the remote Juma Reserve, residents are actually paid not to cut down their trees and any carbon credits generated from this preservation are supposed to come back to the community.
Residents are trained to earn money from living trees, like sustainably harvesting rain forest nuts. They harvest acai, the Brazilian superfood. Their nursery produces essential elements for the perfume Chanel #5. They built a new school, the only one for miles. And where did they get the money to do all this?
MARK SCHAPIRO: Braga has been courting corporate sponsors to fund more than a dozen reserves here in the Amazon. Juma is considered to be the model, an experiment with a new strategy to protect the trees and pay the people. Families receive $25 dollars every month through a program called Bolsa Floresta.
The money is accessible at any ATM. The problem is getting to one. The closest ATM requires a two-day round-trip journey by boat. And it's expensive. They will have spent half the stipend on travel by the time they get home.
MARK SCHAPIRO: Dalvina Almeida and her husband are farmers, and they say the Bolsa Floresta program that was supposed to be putting more money in their pockets has put them out of work.
DALVINA'S HUSBAND: [subtitles] We used to plant a lot. When this became a reserve, they told us we could no longer plant in the forest. Everyone signed up for Bolsa Floresta, but Bolsa Floresta can't sustain my family.
MARK SCHAPIRO: The head of Braga's program admits that it will take years for Juma to truly become sustainable. Some Brazilians dispute the very idea of relying on corporations to save the forest.
MARINA SILVA, Senator, Acre State: [subtitles] How can we preserve the forest and at the same time preserve your right to feed your children, send them to school, to live in dignity in the place that you've chosen to live? 152ee80cbc
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