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Ozone as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of several disorders [3]. Ozone therapy stimulates the antioxidant response in cardiomyopathy patients [4]. Ozone has been shown to reduce blood pressure in a diabetic population [5]. Ozone exposure may influence autonomic regulation of the heart rate and has been shown to alter circulating inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers in healthy persons [6,7].

In this study, there were significant increases in serum ET-1 levels in the H group compared with the all groups. A study by Akclar et al. [14] found an increase in the levels of plasma ET-1 in the DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats [14]. Kimura et al. [15] demonstrated that renal ET-1 content in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats significantly increased after two weeks [15]. Earlier studies have shown that ET-1 contributes to the development of high blood pressure and vascular growth in DOCA-salt rats [16]. These findings suggest that the enhanced serum ET-1 has a role in the development of hypertension in rats.

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There were significant decreases in serum NO levels in the H group compared with the C and HO groups. Allcock et al. [17] observed that an increased production of NO by the kidney in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats [17]. Contrary to this finding are other studies in which it was observed that endothelial-derived NO release stimulated by ET-1 or acetylcholine was decreased in the perfusate of isolated kidneys from DOCA-salt rats [18-20]. Since these experiments were presumably examining endothelial-derived NO release, it may be possible that NO production is increased in renal tubules at a time in which endothelial production is decreased. It has been well known that NO is a potent vasodilator molecule that accounts for an endothelium-derived relaxing factor, a decrease in NO results in an elevation of blood pressure [21]. Therefore, increasing serum ET-1 levels caused a decrease in NO levels due to increased blood pressure in the H group.

In this study, there were significant decreases in serum renin levels in the H group compared with the all groups. It has been reported that the administration of DOCA, in combination with a high salt diet and unilateral nephrectomy induces a low renin form of hypertension [22]. Clinical studies have shown primary aldosteronism or a decrease in renin to aldosterone ratio to be a significant cause of hypertension [23,24]. In another study, it was demonstrated that the DOCA-salt hypertensive rat model shows a markedly depressed renin angiotensin system and thus has been regarded as an angiotensin-independent model with decreased circulating plasma renin concentrations [25]. Previous studies have shown that increasing the ET-1 level reduces renin secretion from the kidney [16,26]. Therefore, increasing ET-1 levels caused a decrease in renin and an increase blood pressure levels in the H group in this study.

Physiological and pathophysiological responses to ET-1 in various tissues are mediated by interactions with ETR-A and ETR-B subtypes. ETR-A is expressed mainly in the vascular tissues, where it mediates vasoconstrictive and growth effects [27]. The function of ETR-B appears to be more complex, as it is located on a variety of cell types [28]. ETR-B on endothelial cells causes vasodilatation through the release of NO and prostacyclin [29]. In our study, while ET-1 and ETR-A mRNA expression increased in the heart and vascular tissue of the H group compared with the C and HO groups, a decrease was found in ETR-B mRNA expression. In the study performed by Pollock et al. [30] the authors found that the selective blockade of ETR-B resulted in increased blood pressure and increased sodium and water retention in DOCA-salt rats [30]. These results suggest that ETR-A has an important role in the pathogenesis of DOCA-salt hypertension. Therefore, increased ETR-A, and decreased ETR-B mRNA expression in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats may have leading to decreased serum NO levels and increased vasoconstrictor effect by ET-1. Consequently, in the light of these findings, blood pressure increased in the H group.

A significant decrease was seen in the SBP, DBP and MAP levels in the HO groups compared with other groups in this study. The evidence for a direct cardiovascular effect of ozone, however, is more limited. In addition effects of intraperitoneal ozone administration have not been studied on blood pressure in hypertensive rats using DOCA-salt hypertension model before. Therefore, there has not been any study in the literature between intraperitoneal ozone, blood pressure and hypertension that can be compared with the results of this study. Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to ozone and concentrated ambient particles together caused arterial vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure [31] and indeed ozone has been shown to reduce blood pressure in a diabetic population at the same time as particulate air pollution increased blood pressure [5]. Ozone exposure may influence autonomic regulation of the heart rate and has been shown to alter circulating inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers in healthy persons [32,33]. In the study performed by Dong et al. [34], the authors found that ozone and carbon monoxide are associated with increased arterial blood pressure and hypertension among the children. Wang et al. [35] demonstrated that heart rate only reduced significantly in ozone combined fine particulate matter (PM2.5) groups. Blood pressure rose significantly in combined groups and high-dose PM2.5 alone exposure [35]. In another study, it was shown that ozone (0.5 ppm) exposure for 8 h increased atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in the lungs, heart, and circulatory system, suggesting that ANF may mediate the decreased blood pressure and pulmonary edema observed with ozone exposure [36]. In this study and previous studies on this subject, the dose and type of administration of ozone differ leading to the differences in the results.

Lead poses health risks of particular concern for children and pregnant women. The health impacts for children exposed to lead include behaviour and learning problems, lower IQ and hyperactivity, slowed growth, hearing problems, and anemia. In rare cases, ingestion of lead can cause seizures, coma and even death. For pregnant women, health risks include reduced growth of the fetus and premature birth. Adults exposed to lead also have a higher risk of cardiovascular effects increased blood pressure, the incidence of hypertension, decreased kidney function and risk of reproductive problems in both men and women.

Subgroup analysis for the associations between air pollutants and systolic blood pressure (BP) stratified by the presence of hypertension. Int P, interaction P values; PM2.5, fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of

Heart disease has effected almost every family globally, being it heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure, etc. According to the Heart & Stroke Foundation South Africa, 80% of heart disease and strokes can be prevented. About 225 South Africans die daily, due to heart disease related complications. It is important for each and every one

But while it may have slipped from the headlines, the ozone layer still remains under pressure, said Meg Seki, Executive Secretary of the Ozone Secretariat under the United Nations Environment Programme.

Sepsis is associated with substantial mortality rates. Antibiotic treatment is crucial, but global antibiotic resistance is now classified as one of the top ten global public health risks facing humanity. Ozone (O3) is an inorganic molecule with no evident function in the body. We investigated the bactericide properties of ozone, using a novel system of extracorporeal ozone blood treatment. We hypothesized that ozone would decrease the concentration of viable Escherichia coli (E. coli) in human whole blood and that the system would be technically feasible and physiologically tolerable in a clinically relevant model of E. coli sepsis in swine.

A Principal working mechanism of the ozone system. Venous blood is collected from the patient, decreased in temperature, mixed with ozone, reheated, and returned to the patient. B Photo of the central venous line (dialysis catheter) in the right femoral vein, showing dark red venous blood transported to the ozone system from the red connector, and light red, oxygenated blood returned from the oxygenator to the blue connector

Bacteremia was determined by blood cultures of 10 mL blood each in two blood culture bottles, one BacT/Alert-FA Plus and one BacT/Alert-FN Plus blood culture bottle (bioMrieux, Marcy-l'toile, France). All blood culture bottles were incubated in the automated BacT/ALERT 3D blood culture system (bioMrieux, Marcy-l'toile, France) until positivity, or for a maximum of 5 days. Time to detection (TTD) for bottles in the study were also noted. The blood cultures were indexed between 0 and 100 according to bacterial occurrence and TTD. Bacterial quantification was also performed by quantitative bacterial determination of blood and organs on cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar plates (Becton Dickinsson). 0.1 mL blood was aliquoted on agar plates in triplicates and cultured at 37 C overnight and bacteria were quantified with viable count technique. CDK blood samples 0.1 mL were collected upstream and downstream from the extracorporeal ozone system before initiation of the treatment and after 15 min of treatment had ended and aliquoted on CLED plates in duplicates for bacteria quantification (CFU per mL). The organ samples were weighed, minced, placed in sterile mortars, and homogenized in 3 mL saline and 0.2 mL of that mixture aliquoted on CLED plates in triplicates for bacteria quantification, CFU per gram.

First, we investigated whether ozone could decrease the E. coli concentration in human whole blood. E. coli is the most common pathogen causing bacteremia, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals, particularly in intensive care units [16,17,18]. We utilized a strain collected from a Swedish patient with septic shock in a Swedish university hospital, ensuring clinical relevance of the pathogen [14]. In comparison, laboratory strains of E. coli may be weak and nonvirulent [19, 20]. Ozone decreased E. coli with a rate of 0.69 by a single pass through the ozonation chamber, indicating that ozone was able to decrease the number of viable bacteria in blood. The ozonation also increased pO2, increased oxyhemoglobin, and interestingly, decreased pCO2. Improved oxygen content in the blood may be favorable in a patient with septic shock and subsequent oxygen debt. 2351a5e196