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Opinions among writers and editors differ on whether to use the serial comma, and usage also differs somewhat between regional varieties of English. British English allows constructions with or without this comma,[6] whereas in American English the comma is common and even considered mandatory by some style guides. The APA style,[7] The Chicago Manual of Style, Garner's Modern American Usage,[8] The MLA Style Manual,[citation needed] Strunk and White's The Elements of Style,[9] and the U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual[10] recommend or mandate it. By contrast, the Associated Press Stylebook and The New York Times Style Book[11] advise against it. In Canada, the stylebook published by The Canadian Press advises against it. Most British style guides do not mandate its use. The Economist Style Guide notes that most British writers use it only where necessary to avoid ambiguity.[12] A few British style guides mandate it, most notably The Oxford Style Manual (hence the name, "Oxford comma").[13] However, the University of Oxford Style Guide (2014) advises against its use.[14]
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The Oxford comma is most often attributed to Horace Hart, the printer and controller of the Oxford University Press from 1893 to 1915. Hart wrote the eponymous Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers in 1905 as a style guide for the employees working at the press.[20] The guide called for the use of the serial comma,[21] but the punctuation mark had no distinct name until 1978, when Peter Sutcliffe referred to the Oxford comma as such in his book about the history of the Oxford University Press.[22]
Ambiguities can often be resolved by the selective use of semicolons instead of commas when more separation is required.[34] General practice across style guides involves using semicolons when individual items have their own punctuation or coordinating conjunctions, but typically a "serial semicolon" is required.[35]
There are also some style guides that discourage the use of the Oxford comma, for instance, The New York Times Stylebook, the Associated Press Stylebook (or AP Stylebook), The Economist Style Guide, and The Canadian Press Style Guide.1
If you are heading to North America, then you might need a rsum rather than a CV. They are very similar documents so use our CV guide, and supplement it with the information here to turn a great CV into a great rsum.
Funders and institutions are beginning to develop guidance on developing Narrative CVs, so check resources and guides they provide. Oxford University Research Services have developed valuable Guides and Resources and have a recorded webinar for supporting your development of Narrative CVs.
Oxford English Grammar: the essential guide is a grammar reference and practice book for Grade 8-12 learners. It is suitable for both English First Additional Language and English Home Language learners and can be used alongside any core English course. This practical guide can be used for reference, self-study, and consolidation practice.
Features Key language concepts are explained in a logical order, which ensures learner progression. Examples of common mistakes, and how to correct them, help learners to avoid frequently made language errors. Exercises at more than one level for each concept ensure that learners build language skills in a scaffolded way. A resource section with annotated writing texts and other useful references can be used by learners for self-study. This guide will assist the English teacher in consolidating and expanding learners' knowledge and use of language structures. A separate answer booklet is available as a reference for the teacher. The answer booklet is also available for free download at -resources/1286464-Free-Downloads
Most major style guides, especially academic ones, do recommend the Oxford comma. Journalistic style guides are less likely to be in favor, since the extra comma takes up space. And the Oxford comma is generally less common in UK English than US English.
Different style guides have different recommendations about using it. Most academic style guides (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) recommend using the Oxford comma consistently, so this is typically the best approach in academic writing.
The Chicago Manual of Style is an American English style and usage guide published continuously by the University of Chicago Press since 1906. Today, it is used widely in many academic disciplines and is considered the standard for US style in book publishing.
The Chicago Manual of Style has become a staple reference for writers and editors, in part because it was one of the first style guides to be published in book form, and the only one from an academic press in North America. (Other style guides are published by professional associations.) Eventually, the Manual became a canonical work synonymous with its home institution, akin to the Oxford English Dictionary.
Many English style and usage guides exist, and many organizations have their own in-house guides. Some guides are specific to particular fields like law, whereas others have more general applications.
Chicago style is comprehensive, and can address most questions relevant to writing, editing, and publishing in any discipline. Intended originally as a guide for publishers of academic books and journals, it is especially popular in the humanities and social sciences. Chicago style is also used widely by students and by publishers of novels and trade books.
Oxford University Press and other presses such as Cambridge University Press are older than any North American university press. Oxford traces the founding of its press to the 16th century (as does Cambridge). However, both the University of Chicago and the University of Oxford made their style guides available to the public before competitors early in the 20th century, which helped ensure their influence since then.
Many journals, as well as being available in print, are available online and can be found via SOLO or eJournals A-Z. Below are examples of a few relevant journals for English Language and Literature; you can find more information on the journals page of this guide.
Oxford subscribes to many bibliographic databases. They can be used to locate journal articles, conference proceedings, books, book chapters, and more. You can find some of the key bibliographic databases for English Language and Literature below, but take a look at the bibliographic databases page of this guide for information on bibliographic databases, as well as other types of database resources, such as digitised archival and manuscript collections, collections of primary texts, and more.
Discussions about American grammar books are usually part of a more general exploration of American attitudes toward standard grammar and usage, often focusing on the ongoing controversies between linguistic freethinkers, including Noah Webster and more recently, professional linguists, and those who remain committed to traditional usage rules. Drake 1977, Baron 1982, and Ostler 2015 all discuss grammar books as part of broader studies of American beliefs about grammar and usage. Finegan 1980 describes shifting trends in grammar teaching as one aspect of attitudes about language use in America. Lyman 1922 also discusses grammar teaching, but is more concerned with the details of early grammar books themselves, including sales numbers. Garner 2021 lists and describes a comprehensive collection of 18th- and 19th-century American and British grammar books. Tieken-Boon van Ostade 2020 uses techniques of corpus linguistics to compare the rules in usage guides with modern usage attitudes and actual usage.
Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) is a nontransformational theory of
linguistic structure, first developed in the 1970s by Joan Bresnan and
Ronald M. Kaplan, which assumes that language is best described and
modeled by parallel structures representing different facets of
linguistic organization and information, related by means of
functional correspondences. This volume has five parts. Part I,
Overview and Introduction, provides an introduction to core syntactic
concepts and representations. Part II, Grammatical Phenomena, reviews
LFG work on a range of grammatical phenomena or constructions. Part
III, Grammatical modules and interfaces, provides an overview of LFG
work on semantics, argument structure, prosody, information structure,
and morphology. Part IV, Linguistic disciplines, reviews LFG work in
the disciplines of historical linguistics, learnability,
psycholinguistics, and second language learning. Part V, Formal and
computational issues and applications, provides an overview of
computational and formal properties of the theory, implementations,
and computational work on parsing, translation, grammar induction, and
treebanks. Part VI, Language families and regions, reviews LFG work
on languages spoken in particular geographical areas or in particular
language families. The final section, Comparing LFG with other
linguistic theories, discusses LFG work in relation to other
theoretical approaches.
Personal communication includes more informal sources: e.g. letters, e-mails, phone calls or conversations. Permission should be sought before these sources are quoted, and a copy retained for reference. If you have promised an interviewee anonymity you must keep that promise. You will find more information about rules and guidelines for research at CODEX.
When writing a tweet, you might not think about grammar, but it can lead to confusion. News sites, for example, might want to consider how things look when the Oxford comma is missing. In one tweet, SkyNews caused a bit of confusion on Twitter when they announced, "World leaders at Mandela tribute, Obama-Castro handshake and same-sex marriage date set ..." Without the Oxford comma, it's hard to tell whether Obama and Castro just shook hands or they are also planning a same-sex marriage! 2351a5e196
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