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Files with a .js extension or without an extension, when the nearest parentpackage.json file doesn't contain a top-level field "type" or there isno package.json in any parent folder; unless the file contains syntax thaterrors unless it is evaluated as an ES module. Package authors should includethe "type" field, even in packages where all sources are CommonJS. Beingexplicit about the type of the package will make things easier for buildtools and loaders to determine how the files in the package should beinterpreted.

Files with an extension that is not .mjs, .cjs, .json, .node, or .js(when the nearest parent package.json file contains a top-level field"type" with a value of "module", those files will be recognized asCommonJS modules only if they are being included via require(), not whenused as the command-line entry point of the program).

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The semantics of the Node.js require() function were designed to be generalenough to support reasonable directory structures. Package manager programssuch as dpkg, rpm, and npm will hopefully find it possible to buildnative packages from Node.js modules without modification.

Because Node.js looks up the realpath of any modules it loads (that is, itresolves symlinks) and then looks for their dependencies in node_modules folders,this situation can be resolved with the following architecture:

When the code in the foo package does require('bar'), it will get theversion that is symlinked into /usr/lib/node/foo/1.2.3/node_modules/bar.Then, when the code in the bar package calls require('quux'), it'll getthe version that is symlinked into/usr/lib/node/bar/4.3.2/node_modules/quux.

Furthermore, to make the module lookup process even more optimal, ratherthan putting packages directly in /usr/lib/node, we could put them in/usr/lib/node_modules//. Then Node.js will not botherlooking for missing dependencies in /usr/node_modules or /node_modules.

In order to make modules available to the Node.js REPL, it might be useful toalso add the /usr/lib/node_modules folder to the $NODE_PATH environmentvariable. Since the module lookups using node_modules folders are allrelative, and based on the real path of the files making the calls torequire(), the packages themselves can be anywhere.

Provided require.cache is not modified, multiple calls to require('foo')will not cause the module code to be executed multiple times. This is animportant feature. With it, "partially done" objects can be returned, thusallowing transitive dependencies to be loaded even when they would cause cycles.

Modules are cached based on their resolved filename. Since modules may resolveto a different filename based on the location of the calling module (loadingfrom node_modules folders), it is not a guarantee that require('foo') willalways return the exact same object, if it would resolve to different files.

Additionally, on case-insensitive file systems or operating systems, differentresolved filenames can point to the same file, but the cache will still treatthem as different modules and will reload the file multiple times. For example,require('./foo') and require('./FOO') return two different objects,irrespective of whether or not ./foo and ./FOO are the same file.

Core modules can be identified using the node: prefix, in which caseit bypasses the require cache. For instance, require('node:http') willalways return the built in HTTP module, even if there is require.cache entryby that name.

Some core modules are always preferentially loaded if their identifier ispassed to require(). For instance, require('http') will alwaysreturn the built-in HTTP module, even if there is a file by that name. The listof core modules that can be loaded without using the node: prefix is exposedas module.builtinModules.

When main.js loads a.js, then a.js in turn loads b.js. At thatpoint, b.js tries to load a.js. In order to prevent an infiniteloop, an unfinished copy of the a.js exports object is returned to theb.js module. b.js then finishes loading, and its exports object isprovided to the a.js module.

If the exact filename is not found, then Node.js will attempt to load therequired filename with the added extensions: .js, .json, and finally.node. When loading a file that has a different extension (e.g. .cjs), itsfull name must be passed to require(), including its file extension (e.g.require('./file.cjs')).

.json files are parsed as JSON text files, .node files are interpreted ascompiled addon modules loaded with process.dlopen(). Files using any otherextension (or no extension at all) are parsed as JavaScript text files. Refer tothe Determining module system section to understand what parse goal will beused.

If there is no package.json file present in the directory, or if the"main" entry is missing or cannot be resolved, then Node.jswill attempt to load an index.js or index.node file out of thatdirectory. For example, if there was no package.json file in the previousexample, then require('./some-library') would attempt to load:

In all three above cases, an import('./some-library') call would result in aERR_UNSUPPORTED_DIR_IMPORT error. Using package subpath exports orsubpath imports can provide the same containment organization benefits asfolders as modules, and work for both require and import.

If the module identifier passed to require() is not acore module, and does not begin with '/', '../', or'./', then Node.js starts at the directory of the current module, andadds /node_modules, and attempts to load the module from that location.Node.js will not append node_modules to a path already ending innode_modules.

It is possible to require specific files or sub modules distributed with amodule by including a path suffix after the module name. For instancerequire('example-module/path/to/file') would resolve path/to/filerelative to where example-module is located. The suffixed path follows thesame module resolution semantics.

NODE_PATH is still supported, but is less necessary now that the Node.jsecosystem has settled on a convention for locating dependent modules.Sometimes deployments that rely on NODE_PATH show surprising behaviorwhen people are unaware that NODE_PATH must be set. Sometimes amodule's dependencies change, causing a different version (or even adifferent module) to be loaded as the NODE_PATH is searched.

Used to import modules, JSON, and local files. Modules can be importedfrom node_modules. Local modules and JSON files can be imported usinga relative path (e.g. ./, ./foo, ./bar/baz, ../foo) that will beresolved against the directory named by __dirname (if defined) orthe current working directory. The relative paths of POSIX style are resolvedin an OS independent fashion, meaning that the examples above will work onWindows in the same way they would on Unix systems.

Modules are cached in this object when they are required. By deleting a keyvalue from this object, the next require will reload the module.This does not apply to native addons, for which reloading will result in anerror.

Adding or replacing entries is also possible. This cache is checked beforebuilt-in modules and if a name matching a built-in module is added to the cache,only node:-prefixed require calls are going to receive the built-in module.Use with care!

Deprecated. In the past, this list has been used to load non-JavaScriptmodules into Node.js by compiling them on-demand. However, in practice, thereare much better ways to do this, such as loading modules via some other Node.jsprogram, or compiling them to JavaScript ahead of time.

In each module, the module free variable is a reference to the objectrepresenting the current module. For convenience, module.exports isalso accessible via the exports module-global. module is not actuallya global but rather local to each module.

The module.exports object is created by the Module system. Sometimes this isnot acceptable; many want their module to be an instance of some class. To dothis, assign the desired export object to module.exports. Assigningthe desired object to exports will simply rebind the local exports variable,which is probably not what is desired.

It allows a shortcut, so that module.exports.f = ... can be written moresuccinctly as exports.f = .... However, be aware that like any variable, if anew value is assigned to exports, it is no longer bound to module.exports:

The module that first required this one, or null if the current module is theentry point of the current process, or undefined if the module was loaded bysomething that is not a CommonJS module (E.G.: REPL or import).

In order to do this, it is necessary to get a reference to the module object.Since require() returns the module.exports, and the module is typicallyonly available within a specific module's code, it must be explicitly exportedin order to be used.

The module.syncBuiltinESMExports() method updates all the live bindings forbuiltin ES Modules to match the properties of the CommonJS exports. Itdoes not add or remove exported names from the ES Modules.

Module resolution and loading can be customized by registering a file whichexports a set of hooks. This can be done using the register methodfrom node:module, which you can run before your application code byusing the --import flag:

The register method can be used to register a module that exports a set ofhooks. The hooks are functions that are called by Node.js to customize themodule resolution and loading process. The exported functions must have specificnames and signatures, and they must be exported as named exports.

The initialize hook provides a way to define a custom function that runs inthe hooks thread when the hooks module is initialized. Initialization happenswhen the hooks module is registered via register.

The resolve hook chain is responsible for telling Node.js where to find andhow to cache a given import statement or expression, or require call. It canoptionally return a format (such as 'module') as a hint to the load hook. Ifa format is specified, the load hook is ultimately responsible for providingthe final format value (and it is free to ignore the hint provided byresolve); if resolve provides a format, a custom load hook is requiredeven if only to pass the value to the Node.js default load hook. e24fc04721