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MPING(8) FreeBSD System Manager's Manual MPING(8) NAMEmping - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to multiple network hosts in a round-robbin fashion. Mping support both IPv4 and IPv6 adresses at the same time.SYNOPSISmping [ -rqvpmfn46a] [ -c counttag_hash_114] [ -i intervaltag_hash_116] [ -s packetsizetag_hash_118] [ -w waittimetag_hash_120] hosts...DESCRIPTIONThe DARPA Internet is a large and complex aggregation of network hardware, connected together by gateways. Tracking a single-point hardware or software failure can often be difficult. Mping utilizes the ICMP protocol's mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from hosts and gateways. ECHO_REQUEST datagrams (``pings'') have an IP and ICMP header, followed by a struct timeval, and then an arbitrary number of ``pad'' bytes used to fill out the packet. Default datagram length is 64 bytes, but this may be changed using the command-line option.Mping sends one datagram per second, and prints one line of output for every ECHO_RESPONSE returned. No output is produced if there is no response. If an optional count is given, only that number of requests is sent to each host. Round-trip times and packet loss statistics are computed. When all responses have been received or the program times out (with a count specified), or if the program is terminated with a SIGINT, a brief summary is displayed.

Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that are capable of jumping from one genomic locus to another and make up a large fraction of eukaryotic genomes. More than 80% of the maize (Zea mays) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) genomes are composed of TEs [1], [2], and they constitute 35% and 14% of the genomes of rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), respectively [3], [4]. TEs are harmful to the host because their mobilities perturb genome stability, whereas they play greatly generative roles in genome evolution such as alternation of gene structure, change of expression pattern, and rearrangement of chromosome structure [5], [6].