But faked or unreliable RCTs are a particularly dangerous threat. They not only are about medical interventions, but also can be laundered into respectability by being included in meta-analyses and systematic reviews, which thoroughly comb the literature to assess evidence for clinical treatments. Medical guidelines often cite such assessments, and physicians look to them when deciding how to treat patients.
As an open access journal, we are read by clinicians, allied health professionals, informal caregivers, and patients alike, and have (as with all JMIR journals) a focus on readable and applied science reporting the design and evaluation of health innovations and emerging technologies. We publish original research, viewpoints, and reviews (both literature reviews and medical device/technology/app reviews). Peer-review reports are portable across JMIR journals and papers can be transferred, so authors save time by not having to resubmit a paper to a different journal but can simply transfer it between journals.
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There are different article types:Billing and Coding articles provide guidance for the related Local Coverage Determination (LCD) and assist providers in submittingcorrect claims for payment. Billing and Coding articles typically include CPT/HCPCS procedure codes, ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes, aswell as Bill Type, Revenue, and CPT/HCPCS Modifier codes. The code lists in the article help explain which services (procedures) therelated LCD applies to, the diagnosis codes for which the service is covered, or for which the service is not considered reasonable andnecessary and therefore not covered.
Self-Administered Drug (SAD) Exclusion List articles list the CPT/HCPCS codes that are excluded from coverage under this category.The Medicare program provides limited benefits for outpatient prescription drugs. The program covers drugs that are furnished"incident-to" a physician's service provided that the drugs are not "usually self-administered" by the patient. CMS has defined "notusually self-administered" according to how the Medicare population as a whole uses the drug, not how an individual patient orphysician may choose to use a particular drug. For purpose of this exclusion, "the term 'usually' means more than 50 percent of thetime for all Medicare beneficiaries who use the drug. Therefore, if a drug is self-administered by more than 50 percent of Medicarebeneficiaries, the drug is excluded from coverage" and the MAC will make no payment for the drug.
Draft articles are articles written in support of a Proposed LCD. A Draft article will eventually be replaced by a Billing and Coding articleonce the Proposed LCD is released to a final LCD.
NCDs are national policy granting, limiting or excluding Medicare coverage for a specific medical item or service. These are developed and published by CMS and apply to all states. NCDs are made through an evidence-based process, with opportunities for public participation.
NCAs: National Coverage Analysis (NCA).When an NCD is under consideration, either a new review or a reconsideration, there are numerous documents that support the process.These documents are considered the NCA. They include tracking sheets to inform the public of the issues under consideration and the status (i.e., Pending, Closed) of the review, information about and results of MEDCAC (formerly known as MCAC) meetings,Technology Assessments, and Decision Memoranda that announce CMS's intention to issue an NCD.These documents, along with the compilation of medical and scientific information currently available, any FDA safety and efficacy data, clinical trial information, etc.,provide the rationale behind the evidence-based NCDs.
The MEDCAC reviews and evaluates medical literature, reviews technology assessments, public testimony and examines data and information on the benefits, harms,and appropriateness of medical items and services that are covered under Medicare or that may be eligible for coverage under Medicare.The MEDCAC judges the strength of the available evidence and makes recommendations to CMS based on that evidence.They advise CMS on whether specific medical items and services are reasonable and necessary under Medicare law.They perform this task in an open and public forum. The MEDCAC is advisory in nature, with the final decision on all issues resting with CMS.MEDCAC members are valued for their background, education, and expertise in a wide variety of scientific, clinical, and other related fields.In composing the MEDCAC, CMS was diligent in pursuing ethnic, gender, geographic, and other diverse views, and to carefully screen each member to determine potentialconflicts of interest.You can read more about the Factors CMS Considers in Referring Topics to the Medicare Evidence Development & Coverage Advisory Committee.
Health care Technology Assessment is a multidisciplinary field of policy analysis that studies the medical, social, ethical and economic implications ofthe development, diffusion and use of technologies.For some NCDs, external TAs are requested through the Agency for Health Research and Quality (AHRQ).
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) procedure codes comprise the medical code set that identifies health care procedures, equipment, and supplies for claim submission purposes.
HCPCS Level I, also known as the CPT codes, are 5-character numeric codes maintained by the American Medical Association (AMA).The CPT codes are used primarily to identify medical services and procedures furnished by physicians and other health care professionals.
HCPCS Level II are 5-character alphanumeric codes maintained by CMS (except D codes, which are maintained by the American Dental Association).They are used to identify various items and services that are not included in the CPT code set because they are medical items or services that are regularly billed by suppliers other than physicians.For example, ambulance services, hearing and vision services, drugs, and durable medical equipment.
International Classification of Diseases, Revision 10, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) is a medical classification list by the World Health Organizationused by physicians and other healthcare providers to classify and code all diagnoses recorded in conjunction with medical care in the United States.ICD-10-CM is the standard transaction code set for diagnostic purposes under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).These codes ensure that a patient gets proper treatment and is charged appropriately for any medical services received.
The CMS ICD-10 Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS) is a catalog of procedural codes used by medical professionals for hospital inpatient healthcare settings.The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in tandem with the National Center for Health Statistics, maintain the catalog in the U.S. releasing yearly updates.ICD-10-PCS codes have a structure of 7 alphanumeric characters and contains no decimals. The first character defines the major "section".Depending on the "section" the second through seventh characters mean different things.
The best database to use is ProQuest Health & Medical Collection, which has articles from many medical journals, since you are looking for articles with a lot of medical terms in them. Always check the boxes for Full-Text and Peer-reviewed under the search box, so you get long journal articles with many medical terms, rather than short "newsy" ones written for the public. For some topics, you can also use the Health Reference Center database.
There is a LibGuide (library research guide) that was created especially for the HEA 2200 Word Parts assignment. It contains an APA template and links to healthcare databases and other good places to search for articles, definitions, and lists of prefixes, roots & suffixes needed for this class.
The Find Articles page (on the left side of the screen) has links to good places to find articles about a disease. The Definitions & Word Parts page lists online and in-print medical dictionaries to help you throughout the class. It is especially useful for the assignment to find a journal article with many medical terms, pick out the terms, then define them and break them down into word parts for your final paper.
Corollary 5: The greater the financial and other interests and prejudices in a scientific field, the less likely the research findings are to be true. Conflicts of interest and prejudice may increase bias, u. Conflicts of interest are very common in biomedical research [26], and typically they are inadequately and sparsely reported [26,27]. Prejudice may not necessarily have financial roots. Scientists in a given field may be prejudiced purely because of their belief in a scientific theory or commitment to their own findings. Many otherwise seemingly independent, university-based studies may be conducted for no other reason than to give physicians and researchers qualifications for promotion or tenure. Such nonfinancial conflicts may also lead to distorted reported results and interpretations. Prestigious investigators may suppress via the peer review process the appearance and dissemination of findings that refute their findings, thus condemning their field to perpetuate false dogma. Empirical evidence on expert opinion shows that it is extremely unreliable [28].
The A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia includes over 4,000 articles about diseases, tests, symptoms, injuries, and surgeries. It also contains an extensive library of medical photographs and illustrations. For more information about A.D.A.M., see its content review board.
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