Linux doesn't really have a way to work with "drives", per se, except with system utilities that access partitions; they often need to specify the drive that contains the partition. But if your drives each only have one partition, it doesn't really matter.
Anyway, to access a drive, you actually need to specify the partition in some way, usually by a definition like /dev/sda1 (1st partition on 1st drive) or /dev/sda2 (2nd partition on first drive). Using the Disk Utility or gparted, you can see all the partitions graphically. If you're only using the terminal, I've found that the command "blkid" is handy to list the drives with their UUIDs. I use the form:
Download Manager Comand Hard Disk Navigation
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Using the terminal, you need to mount a partition to actually use it. This is actually pretty easy to do. In most cases, you would want to use an empty directory as the "mount point"; if the directory is not empty, its contents will be masked and unavailable during the mount. This may be useful in certain circumstances, such as testing or temporarily changing a configuration for some other reason, as it will alleviate the need to rename or delete the current contents.
EDIT: to experiment, don't be afraid to try the mount command. It is only temporary until you reboot (or unmount using the "umount" command). To make it permanent, you need to enter it into /etc/fstab. If you want to do that, you can experiment by creating an entry, then using the command "mount -a" to mount everything in /etc/fstab. If there are errors, it will tell you, and you can correct and repeat until it works.
In Linux and Unix there is a main filesystem called root filesystem, and indicated with /. Other filesystems (real or virtual) are mounted on the root filesystem on a mount point, i.e. an empty directory used as a start point for the specific filesystem, in such a way that all files can be reached as descendant of the root directory.
There are many other mounted filesystem in this output, as you can see, and are all virtual filesystem, i.e. filesystem not corresponding to a disk partition. And you can see an NFS-mounted filesystem, a virtual filesystem linked to a real filesystem available on another machine through the network (the line of output where you see an IP address in part deliberately obscured by me).
Ubuntu can use, from your home directory (eliminate the < and > and replace "yourusername" with your actual username you logged into Linux with, "drive name" with the name of your hard disk).
All mounted disks are in that /media/yourusername/ directory . If you do not know the drive name, you can always look in your file manager -or- through the terminal (again from your home directory)
Windows 7 Disk Check
Sometimes, your computer is noticeably slower or programs "hang" when you access certain files. This problem might occur because there are errors on your hard disk drive.
You can troubleshoot the problem by using the Disk Check tool in Windows 7. Disk Check can identify and automatically correct file system errors and make sure that you can continue to load and write data from the hard disk. You can use Disk Check in Windows 7 not only for local hard drives, but also for removable media such as USB memory sticks or memory cards.
Note Please make sure that you close all open programs and files before you start the disk check.
1. Right-click the Start Windows icon.
2. In the shortcut menu, click Open Windows Explorer.
3. In the navigation pane, click Computer so that your drives appear in the right pane.
4. Right-click the drive that you want to check.
5. Click Properties.
6. Click the Tools tab.
7. Click the Check now button.
8. In the Check Disk window, select the Automatically fix file system errors check box.
Note If you want to perform a detailed test of the hard drive, you can select the Scan for and attempt recovery of bad sectors check box. You should do that in the justified suspicion of existing hardware error in any case. But please note that the operation can then take a long time. For a first routine check, we recommend that you do not select this option.
9. Click Start.
10. If the drive that you want to check is currently in use and it is your system drive, you will see a dialog box with a warning message. In this case, click Schedule disk check.
11. Exit all open programs, and then restart your computer. The checking will start automatically before next Windows startup and display the results when completed.
12. If you are not checking the system drive, you do not have to turn off the computer. However, the selected drive may also be in use. In this case, you receive a message. After you have saved all files and close all open programs, click Force a dismount.
13. The checking starts immediately. After it is completed, the results will be displayed.
COMAND (Cockpit Management and Data system) acts as a combined command and control center for all audio, telematics and telecommunications functions on Mercedes-Benz vehicles and includes a dedicated flat display screen. In addition to the GPS navigation system and general processing and control logic, COMAND includes components such as an address book, telephone, radio and in many cases a CD/DVD drive.[1] It is connected to various devices such as CD/DVD changers, sound system and surround sound amplifier, TV receiver and the optional Linguatronic voice control system via an optical fiber network. The first generations of COMAND used the D2B optical network standard whereas later models are based on MOST.
A key feature of all COMAND systems is to provide deep integration between the various functions such as multimedia, navigation and telephony and to also allow multiple presentation and control facilities. An example of functional integration is where other audio sources can be muted when a phone call comes in or when navigation guidance is being given. It is also the case that the main audio system, speakers and microphone are used for all these functions instead of being logically and functionally separate. With regard to multiple presentation and control facilities, COMAND-based vehicles allow steering wheel controls to be used alongside the main COMAND buttons and controller and COMAND-related status information and instructions can be displayed in the instrument cluster in addition to the main COMAND display. On vehicles with a factory-fitted Mercedes-Benz rear seat entertainment system, this also provides integration with the COMAND system, allowing for instance the rear seat displays to show content from the COMAND TV receiver or to play out the rear DVD audio over the car's surround sound system.
On newer S-Class and CL-Class models such as the W221, the integration between COMAND and other vehicle functions is even more complete, including access via COMAND to the HVAC system, seat controls, etc. On these cars, in contrast to most other Mercedes-Benz vehicles, COMAND is part of the standard specification rather than having to be manually added as an extra.
Somewhat confusingly, COMAND 2.5 (not to be confused with the much later COMAND-APS NTG2.5) actually refers to the first generation of COMAND systems, introduced on the W220. The "2.5" label seems to refer to the fact that the main COMAND unit for this first generation had a height of 2.5 DIN. This COMAND system had a cassette drive, a built-in CD drive for the navigation map discs, an FM/AM radio tuner, a 4-channel amplifier and external connectors to other systems. The European models used Tele Atlas map discs (CD). Towards the end of 1999, the system was upgraded to use the improved DX type navigation discs. COMAND 2.5 uses a D2B optical bus for connection to the external CD changer, the telephone system, the optional Bose surround sound system and the optional Linguatronic voice control system. The COMAND 2.5 unit was made by Bosch.
The same COMAND 2.5 technology (with DX navigation maps) was next incorporated in a somewhat different form factor known as COMAND 2.0 (with "2.0" referring to the fact that this modified unit had a 2 DIN height), but with the cassette drive removed. These units were introduced on the W210 E-Class as rectangular units, later also in a more rounded form on amongst others the W203 and R230 models.
Note that COMAND 2.5, COMAND 2.0 and COMAND 2.0 MOPF are collectively referred to as "COMAND 2" systems (despite these being the first generation COMAND systems and, confusingly, despite the successor being known as COMAND-APS NTG1.
This new generation of COMAND systems was introduced on the model year 2002 W211 E-class and is in fact a complete redesign. MOST replaces the D2B optical ring network. The Mercedes-Benz option code became 527 (although, confusingly, COMAND 2.0 MOPF was also given this option code). These new MOST based systems were given the name COMAND-APS to distinguish them from the older D2B systems.
The NTG1[2] system further distinguished itself from earlier models by having DVD based navigation instead of the CD based COMAND 2. This allowed to carry a whole region (such as Europe) on a single disc. NTG1 systems were also able to play MP3 CDs/DVDs.
The NTG2[3] evolution was a cheaper and more integrated version of COMAND-APS, having all core components in the single double DIN head unit instead of three separate components as had been the case with NTG1 (an audio gateway including the radio, amplifier, and MOST controller; a head unit with display; and a navigation processor) and thereby also simplifying the wiring. However, unlike NTG1 models, the NTG2 COMAND was unable to play MP3 discs. To use the navigation at the same time as listening to an audio disc requires the optional CD changer.
Intended for the flagship W221 S-Class and the W216 CL-Class, COMAND NTG3[4] is a high-end system. Unlike for most other Mercedes-Benz cars, the S-Class and CL-Class from now on have COMAND as standard, allowing even better integration and for COMAND to operate even more vehicle functions. The navigation maps are stored on an internal hard disk instead of a DVD disc (although updates are installed from an update DVD). In addition to operating the audio, video, navigation and telecommunication systems, the NTG3 COMAND also controls a host of other features, such as the multi-contour and drive-dynamic seats, the HVAC system, the rear window shade, the vehicle locking, alarm and immobiliser, interior and exterior lighting functions, the optional ambient lighting feature, easy entry/exit settings, etc. 152ee80cbc
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