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The English word last is thought to derive from a Proto-Germanic term reconstructed as *laistaz and intending a track, a trace, or a footprint. Cognates include Swedish lst, Danish lste, and German Leisten.[1][2]

Well into the Industrial Revolution, shoe production was optimized by elaborate division of labor in putting-out systems arranged around central workshops but each step of production still required skilled labor.[4] Attempts at mechanization in Britain by Marc Isambard Brunel during the Napoleonic Wars were partial and proved uneconomical after demobilization.[5] Improvements to the sewing machine to suit it for work in leather took until 1850[6] and the major breakthrough was the Surinamese immigrant Jan Ernst Matzeliger's automated lasting machine, patented in 1883. This instantly centralized production, increased production by as much as 14 times, improved quality, and halved prices.[4][7][8]

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A last is a mechanical form shaped like a human foot.[9] Lasts come in many styles and sizes, depending on the exact job they are designed for. Common variations include simple uniform lasts for shoe repair, custom-purpose mechanized lasts for shoe factories, and custom-made lasts for bespoke footwear. Though a last is typically made to approximate the shape of a human foot, the precise shape is tailored to the kind of footwear being made. For example, boot lasts typically hug the instep for a close fit. Modern last shapes are now usually designed with dedicated CAD software.

Lasts are typically made from hardwoods, cast iron, and high-density plastics[10] to maintain their shape even after prolonged use in contact with materials like wetted leather and under the mechanical stresses necessary to stretch and shape the material for shoes. Factory lasts must be able to hold the lasting tacks that position the parts of the shoe and then handle the force of the pullover machines used to bottom the shoe and add the sole. The usual material now is high-density polyethylene plastic (HMW-HDPE), which can be easily, cheaply, and precisely shaped; which withstand more damage from the tacks before requiring repair or replacement; and which can be recycled once they finally do wear out entirely. Wooden lasts are now used only for repair work and bespoke shoemaking, particularly in Europe and North America.

Cordwainers often use lasts that are specifically designed to the proportions of individual customers' feet. Made from wood or from various modern materials, they don't need to withstand the pressures of mass production machinery, but they must be able to handle constant tacking and pinning and the wet environment associated with stretching and shaping materials such as leather.

The CARLI Last Copy Program seeks to preserve the last copy of monographs within the Illinois academic and research library community. This project allows any CARLI library that seeks to withdraw a "last copy" monograph to donate it to another CARLI library that will retain the title for resource sharing in Illinois.

Staff at the University of Illinois and CARLI will be notified via email when a library has offered to donate a last copy. The contact person designated on the Last Copy web form will receive an email confirmation with an attached book slip for the item. Please save this email. The UIUC staff will review the information submitted and determine whether they are able to accept the material.

The last twenty years have seen the number of major floods more than double, from 1,389 to 3,254, while the incidence of storms grew from 1,457 to 2,034. Floods and storms were the most prevalent events.

Healthy lives: The U.S. does poorly, ranking last on infant mortality and on deaths that were potentially preventable with timely access to effective health care and second-to-last on healthy life expectancy at age 60.

Access to care: People in the U.S. have the hardest time affording the health care they need. The U.S. ranks last on every measure of cost-related access. More than one-third (37%) of U.S. adults reported forgoing a recommended test, treatment, or follow-up care because of cost.

Efficiency: The U.S ranks last, due to low marks on the time and dollars spent dealing with insurance administration, lack of communication among health care providers, and duplicative medical testing. Forty percent of U.S. adults who had visited an emergency room reported they could have been treated by a regular doctor, had one been available. This is more than double the rate of patients in the U.K. (16%).

Equity: The U.S. ranks last. About four of 10 (39%) adults with below-average incomes in the U.S. reported a medical problem but did not visit a doctor in the past year because of costs, compared with less than one of 10 in the U.K., Sweden, Canada, and Norway. There were also large discrepancies between the length of time U.S. adults waited for specialist, emergency, and after-hours care compared with higher-income adults.

Through legal intervention, constituent support, advocacy campaigns, and policy change we aim to release every last drug war prisoner, as well as to repair the harms of this discriminatory and counterproductive crusade.

The following table shows the 100 most popular given names for male and female babies born during the last 100 years, 1923-2022. For each rank and sex, the table shows the name and the number of occurrences of that name. These time-tested popular names were taken from a universe that includes 177,999,594 male births and 172,616,756 female births.

Please note that popular names listed below are not necessarily consistently popular in every year. For example, the name James, ranked as the most popular male name overthe last 100 years, has been ranked as low as number 19. Similarly, the most popular female name in the table, Mary, ranked as low as 136.

The Last-Modified response HTTP header contains a date and time when the origin server believes the resource was last modified. It is used as a validator to determine if the resource is the same as the previously stored one. Less accurate than an ETag header, it is a fallback mechanism. Conditional requests containing If-Modified-Since or If-Unmodified-Since headers make use of this field.

\n The Last-Modified response HTTP header contains a date\n and time when the origin server believes the resource was last modified. It is used\n as a validator to determine if the resource is the same as the previously stored one. Less accurate\n than an ETag header, it is a fallback mechanism. Conditional requests\n containing If-Modified-Since or If-Unmodified-Since\n headers make use of this field.\n

Martha, the Passenger Pigeon, passed away on September 1, 1914, in the Cincinnati Zoo. She was believed to be the last living individual of her species after two male companions had died in the same zoo in 1910. Martha was a celebrity at the zoo, attracting long lines of visitors. When she was found dead on the floor of her cage that afternoon, she was immediately frozen into a 300-pound block of ice and shipped by fast train to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC, where her body was carefully preserved as a taxidermy mount and an anatomical specimen. The Passenger Pigeon had been the most abundant species of bird in North America only decades earlier. Its extinction helped to inspire our modern conservation ethic.

Contributions increase the account balance in the year they are made. If a contribution for last year isn't made until after December 31 of last year, it increases the account balance for this year, but not for last year. Disregard contributions made after December 31 of last year in determining your required minimum distribution for this year.

Distributions reduce the account balance in the year they are made. A distribution for last year made after December 31 of last year reduces the account balance for this year, but not for last year. Disregard distributions made after December 31 of last year in determining your required minimum distribution for this year.

You own a traditional IRA. Your account balance at the end of 2022 was $100,000. You are married and your spouse, who is the sole beneficiary of your IRA, is 11 years younger than you. You turn 75 in 2023 and your spouse turns 64. You use Table II. Your joint life and last survivor expectancy is 25.3. Your required minimum distribution for 2023 would be $3,953 ($100,000 25.3).

The distribution was received during the period beginning on the date which is 180 days before the first day of the incident period of the qualified disaster and ending on the date which is 30 days after the last day of such incident period.

Students enrolled in mini-courses with start and end dates that differ from the regular 5-week and 10-week summer sessions should refer to their class syllabus and/or contact their instructor to verify the last day to drop a course without a grade.

* Please note: For undergraduate students taking classes in the second 8-week session of the semester, the last day to drop below 12 hours or without a W grade is NOT the same as Census Date. Please consult the academic calendar.

On Thursday, November 2, 2023, as part of the enhancement plan funded by the Ministry of Culture, the Last Supper Museum will hold a special evening opening from 7-10 p.m., with last admission at 9:45 p.m.

Tickets will be available from 12 noon on Wednesday, October 25 exclusively online.

For any more information on the Last Gift study, to enroll, or refer a potential participant, contact us at lastgift@ucsd.edu, call (619) 543-5000, or fill out the contact form below. Someone from our team will be in touch with you as soon as possible.

You can view last accessed information for IAM using the AWS Management Console, AWS CLI, or AWS API. See the list of services and their actions for which last accessed information is displayed. For more information about last accessed information, see Refining permissions in AWS using last accessed information. 2351a5e196