Biological aging provokes morbidity and several functional declines, causing older adults more susceptible to a variety of diseases than younger adults. In particular, aging is a major risk factor contributing to non-communicable diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by cognitive deficits and the formation of amyloid plaques formed by the accumulation of amyloid- (A) peptides. Non-saponin fraction with rich polysaccharide (NFP) from red ginseng, the largest fraction of the components of red ginseng, perform many biological activities. However, it has not been clarified whether the NFP from Korean red ginseng (KRG) has beneficial effects in the aging and AD. First, proteomics analysis was performed in aged brain to identify the effect of NFP on protein changes, and we confirmed that NFP induced changes in proteins related to the neuroprotective- and neurogenic-effects. Next, we investigated (1) the effects of NFP on AD pathologies, such as A deposition, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), in 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of AD using immunostaining; (2) the effect of NFP on A-mediated mitochondrial respiration deficiency in HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22) using Seahorse XFp analysis; (3) the effect of NFP on cell proliferation using WST-1 analysis; and (4) the effect of NFP on A-induced cognitive dysfunction in 5XFAD mouse model of AD using Y-maze test. Histological analysis indicated that NFP significantly alleviated the accumulation of A, neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the subiculum of 5XFAD mouse model of AD. In addition, NFP treatment ameliorated mitochondrial deficits in A-treated HT22 cells. Moreover, NFP treatment significantly increased the AHN and neuritogenesis of neural stem cells in both healthy and AD brains. Furthermore, NFP significantly increased cell proliferation in the HT22 cells. Finally, NFP administration significantly enhanced and restored the cognitive function of healthy and AD mice, respectively. Taken together, NFP treatment demonstrated changes in proteins involved in central nervous system organization/maintenance in aged brain and ameliorates AD pathology. Collectively, our findings suggest that NFP from KRG could be a potential therapeutic candidate for aging and AD treatments.

I have been writing for Forbes Asia since 2010 and now edit several of Asia's rich lists. As a freelancer I also worked with organizations such as The Economist Group, Ford Foundation and Crain Communications. I find interest in how China's business and cultural dynamics fit into the world's puzzle.


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Despite a multitude of reports on anti-inflammatory properties of ginseng extracts or individual ginsenosides, data on antiarthritic effect of ginseng saponin preparation with mixed ginsenosides is limited. On the other hand, a combined therapy of safe and inexpensive plant-derived natural products such as ginsenosides can be considered as an alternative to treat arthritis. Our previous in vitro data displayed a strong anti-inflammatory action of red ginseng saponin fraction-A (RGSF-A). We, herein, report a marked antiarthritic property of RGSF-A rich in ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, and Rb2. Collagen-induced arthritic (CIA) mice were treated with RGSF-A or methotrexate (MTX) for 5 weeks. Joint pathology, serum antibody production and leukocye activation, cytokine production in the circulation, lymph nodes, and joints were examined. RGSF-A markedly reduced severity of arthritis, cellular infiltration, and cartilage damage. It suppressed CD3(+)/CD69(+), CD4(+)/CD25(+), CD8(+) T-cell, CD19(+), B220/CD23(+) B-cell, MHCII(+)/CD11c(+), and Gr-1(+)/CD11b(+) cell activations. It further suppressed anti-CII- or anti-RF-IgG/IgM, TNF-, IL-1, IL-17, and IL-6 secretions but stimulated IL-10 levels in the serum, joint, or splenocyte. RGSF-A attenuated arthritis severity, modified leukocyte activations, and restored cytokine imbalances, suggesting that it can be considered as an antiarthritic agent with the capacity to ameliorate the immune and inflammatory responses in CIA mice.

The biggest issue that raises public resentment, according to a 2021 survey, is the immorality and corruption of politics and political parties. 58.2 percent of respondents felt chronic resentment in 2021, up from 47.3 percent in 2020. What angers Koreans most is the chronic abuse of power by political elites and other rich and powerful people, causing misery for the vulnerable.

I heard this skincare brand formulated without any harmful ingredient. Since I have very sensitive skin, I was little afraid to use the new brand, but this works great on my skin type. I am using this for daily lotion, least twice a day, and it gives so rich moisture.

When Kim Min-jae completed his move to Bayern Munich on a five-year deal on Tuesday, it not only saw the continuation of the defender's remarkable rise but also marked the latest chapter of South Korea's rich history in the Bundesliga.

While, on one hand, Kim has now continued a rich history of South Korean stars in the Bundesliga, the 26-year-old also has every chance to carve his own legacy -- one unlike any that his compatriots that have come before him managed to.

We need to transform our economies to deliver universal health, education and other public services. To make this possible, the richest people and corporations should pay their fair share of tax. This will drive a dramatic reduction in the gap between rich and poor and between women and men.

I thought only Tamils and other hindi speakers are the only ones who are obsessed with their language, but here i see many arabic speakers are became hardcore fanatics about their language. The fact is this

Hebrew is the oldest and richest language in the world. Arabic is not oldest but rich language. Tamil and sanskrit both are old languages may be similar to arabic. Stop brainwashed by tamil sanskrit or arabic illusion. I am a Tamil speaker from srilanka but i will never say tamil is oldest language of the world

Yes, it matters. Not everyone has to be a winner. As a translator, I can tell you that English is incredibly rich with words that are similar in meaning but each with their own nuance. A rich vocabulary is important for thinking and creating.

Thanks, DS Aswai! Sanskrit is indeed a very old language, though not the oldest. The consensus is Tamil takes that title. -language. Thanks for reading and be sure to check out our follow up to this blog -arabic-the-richest-language-in-words/

Indeed, Chelsea! Thanks for reading! It is a fun exercise to examine each language and learn more about them. We are of the belief you should never stop learning and we will be examining other languages this way as well. You can check out our follow up to this blog here -arabic-the-richest-language-in-words/

In the past, the Guinness Book of Records ranked the Greek language as the richest in the world with 5 million words and 70 million word types! Well, many of these words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English. Take a look, for example at medical, musical, or historical terms and expressions.

Ok, so they get a diff mockingbird NJ classic neckthru. First things first, have store take off trussrod cover to make sure trussrod isnt fully loose, so it can be turned to give more relief. Yippeee! It s installed right and works right. But the differences dont stop there. The fretwork is right up there wth the rest of my BC Riches, import & american, and the epiphone. 3 peice, rather then one peice neck. Much better detailed cloud inlays on fretboard. Nut is angled to allow lower action (the chinese one wasnt). Looks at back of headstock "made in korea". Very big diff between the korean and chinese NJ classics! 3 peice neck versus 1 peice. Properly installed trussrod versus wrongly installed trussrod, better fretboard inlays, better fretwork. Same woods & pups so the sound the same. But the korean ones are very much better made.

So, if your shopping for a BC Rich, besides your regular examinings, check headstck to see where it was made. China or Korea. Buy the Korean made one, better qaulty, same price. O I'm sure there are nice chinses gutar making factories but BC Rich isnt useing one of those imo for their chinese versions of guitars. Why they are making NJ Classic neckthru guitars in two diff factories I dunno. But the chinese ones pretty much suck compared to their korean made versions.

I'm trying to create multiple versions of an email footer for different languages, and I have a very interesting error happening. If I open the editor for the rich text in two seperate modules, they become linked for some reason, and editing on one module changes it on the other.

Yes, this is what I did when I first created my modules (I made a new custom module from scratch (I did not clone it, I just remade it) the second time to see if the issue was the same), but when I happened to have both modules open at the same time in the rich text editor, editing one would change the other. So if I had the English version open and the Korean version open in the editor, they would both become English for some reason. If I started editing the English version, it would show the same changes in the Korean version.

However, after testing it some more it looks like the changes I make to the English version do not save to the Korean version, so it would seem that the solution is to not edit more than one rich text at the same time. ff782bc1db

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