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I'm trying to get price history for items on steam market. I found a link that returns price history for a specific item (which is mentioned in almost every question about getting price history from market at this site).

You can try performing login from through python as well, but you might want to turn off steam guard for making things simpler. I would have demonstrated performing login automatically, but I don't wish to disable my steam guard and get a 15 day trading restriction.

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One of the most significant industrial challenges of the 1700's was the removal of water from mines. Steam was used to pump the water from the mines. Now, this might seem to have very little to do with modern steam-powered electrical power plants. However, one of the fundamental principles used in the development of steam-based power is the principle that condensation of water vapor can create a vacuum. This brief history discusses how condensation was used to create vacuum for operation of early steam-based pumps, and how James Watt invented the separate condenser. Although the cyclic processes presented in this history are not used in today's continuous flow steam turbines, current systems use separate condensers operating at subatmospheric pressure, adapting the principles explained here. Also, the stories of the inventors and their inventions offer insight into the process of technological discovery.

One of the most important priciples applied in the operation of steam power is the creation of vacuum by condensation. This link provides a simple illustration using a soft drink bottle and boiling water. The demo illustrates how condensation within a tank creates a vacuum. Savery's pump explained below uses a method very similar to the demonstrated method. Vacuum Demo.

In the early days, one common way of removing the water was to use a series of buckets on a pulley system operated by horses. This was slow and expensive since the animals required feeding, veterinary care, and housing. The use of steam to pump water was patented by Thomas Savery in 1698, and in his words provided an "engine to raise water by fire". Savery's pump worked by heating water to vaporize it, filling a tank with steam, then creating a vacuum by isolating the tank from the steam source and condensing the steam. The vacuum was used to draw water up from the mines. However, the vacuum could only draw water from shallow depths. Another disadvantage of the pump was the use of steam pressure to expel the water that had been drawn into the tank. In principle, pressure could be used to force the water from the tank upwards 80 feet, but boiler explosions were not uncommon since the design of pressurized boilers was not very advanced. This link has details of operation of the Savery Pump Description..

Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729), a blacksmith, experimented for 10 years to develop the first truly successful steam engine to drive a pump to remove water from mines. His ability to sell the engine was hampered by Savery's broad patent. He was forced to establish a firm with Savery, despite the improved performance of his engine, the significant mechanical differences, the elimination of the need for steam pressure, and the use of vacuum in a very different manner. A schematic of a Newcomen engine is shown in Figure 1. The engine is called an "atmospheric" engine because the greatest steam pressure used is near atmospheric pressure.

Principle of operation. The steam engine consists of a steam piston/cylinder that moves a large wooden beam to drive the water pump. The engine does not use steam pressure to push up the steam piston! Rather, the system is constructed so that the beam is heavier on the main pump side, and gravity pulls down the main pump side of the beam. Weights are added to the main pump side if necessary. The pumps in Figure 1 expel water on a upward pump piston stroke, in agreement with the pumps used in the equipment at the time, and the discussion follows that design. In order to draw water into the main pump on the right side of the diagram, consider a cycle that starts with the beam tipped down on the right. The cylinder below the steam piston is first filled with atmospheric pressure steam and then water is sprayed into the cylinder to condense the steam. The pressure difference between the atmosphere and the resulting vacuum pushes the steam piston down, pulling the main pump piston upwards, lifting the water above the main pump piston and filling the lower main pump chamber with water. At the bottom of the steam piston stroke, a valve opens to restore the steam cylinder to atmospheric pressure, and the beam tips down on the right by gravity, permitting the main piston to fall. As the main piston falls, the water from below the piston passes to the chamber above the piston as explained later. Atmospheric pressure steam enters the steam cylinder during this step, enabling the process to be repeated.

Newcomen engines were extremely inefficient. The users recognized how much energy was needed. The steam cylinder was heated and cooled repeatedly, which wasted energy to reheat the steel, and also caused large thermal stresses. James Watt (1736-1819) made a breakthrough development by using a separate condenser. Watt discovered the separate condenser in 1765. (See Watt's Experiment.) It took 11 years before he saw the device in practice! The greatest impediment to the implementation of the Watt engine was the technology to make a large piston/cylinder with close enough tolerances so that they would seal a moderate vacuum. The technology improved about the same time that Watt found the financial backing that he needed through a partnership with Matthew Boulton.

Principle of operation. The Watt engine, like the Newcomen engine, operated on the principle of a pressure difference created by a vacuum on one side of the piston to push the steam piston down. However, Watt's steam cylinder remained hot at all times. Valves permitted the steam to flow into a separate condenser and then condensate was pumped along with any gases using the air pump. (See Figure 2.)

Watt and Boulton successfully applied their engine to pumping water from wells. Boulton was an industrialist of great vision, and took advantage of the opportunity to apply the engine to other industries. Moving the steam engine indoors, the device became useful for operating mills and textile factories, etc.

The engine pictured at left is an example of an engine from the late 1700s. Note the chain that connected the piston to the beam in earlier engines has been replaced with a parallel motion mechanism. Watt told his son that he was even more proud of this invention than he was of the engine itself. The mechanism made it possible for the piston to act in a perfectly aligned up/down motion while the beam traced an arc. The mechanism also made it possible to transfer work in the upward stroke! Steam is finally doing work by pushing upwards! The boilers used for this device are also atmospheric pressure boilers. The cylinder space above the piston is connected to the condenser vacuum in order to permit the steam to push up the piston.

The more we learn about the steam-generating industry, the more we can appreciate its diversity and rich history. Most people have never even been to a power plant, let alone know anything about the history of the power industry. Their knowledge of both extends only to the stacks they see in the distance.

A boiler is a box formed by tubes that uses fire inside that box to heat water into steam. Surrounding those tubes and completely encasing the tube walls and the firebox area are the bril (brick, refractory, insulation, and lagging) materials. The number and size of the tubes, the type of fuel, and the overall physical dimensions of the boiler will all vary depending on what the boiler is designed to produce (water, steam, or heat) and the industry it is intended to serve (e.g., utility, industrial, medical).

Many components make up or act as a support system for the boiler to meet its designed steam or heat requirements. There are the tubes that carry the water and/or steam throughout the system; soot blowers that keep the unit free of fly ash or dust by blowing steam water or air into the boiler; burners that burn the fuel (oil, gas, coal, refuse); economizers that recover heat from the exit gas and pre-heat the water used for making steam; and many more such systems, including brick, refractory, insulation, and lagging, which help the steam-generating boiler be energy and thermally efficient.

It may be debated who developed the first steam-generating boiler; however, most will agree that George Babcock and Steven Wilcox were two of the founding fathers of the steam-generating boiler. They were the first to patent their boiler design, which used tubes inside a firebrick-walled structure to generate steam, in 1867, and they formed Babcock & Wilcox Company in New York City in 1891. Their first boilers were quite small, used lump coal, fired by hand, and operated at a very low rate of heat input. The solid firebrick walls that formed the enclosure for the unit were necessary because they helped the combustion process by reradiating heat back into the furnace area.

In 1907, the Stirling Boiler Company merged with the Babcock & Wilcox Company. They renamed their boiler the H-type Stirling, and it became one of best-selling boilers of its time, probably because of its ability to produce up to 50,000 pounds of steam per hour.

These brick-wall-constructed boilers, sometimes referred to as brick-faced boilers, were the first in the evolution of boiler design, but they were limited in size and capacity. As the size of the boiler increased, so too did the furnace heat input, the boiler rating (pressure), and steam temperature. Thus, continually increasing the size of the boiler furnace raised the temperature the brick was subjected to. These three factors (heat input, pressure, and steam temperature) had a direct effect on the development of boiler furnace designs. The severe furnace conditions began to exceed the temperature limits of the brick walls, and the structural loads became excessive as the boilers kept getting bigger and taller. The young boiler industry needed to eliminate the all-brick-wall design and find an alternative construction that would keep the boiler thermally and energy efficient, generate more steam per hour, and cost less to build. ff782bc1db