Nirmal Kumar is Reader in History at Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi. He has worked on gender history of the 18th century and is in the process of editing a book on Muslim identities in Hindi films. Some of his forthcoming books that he has edited are: Essays in Medieval Indian History and Essays in Early Modern History of India. He has been Associate Fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla; Visiting Fellow at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Gender Studies, Leeds; and Fellow, Royal Asiatic Society, London. He has presented many papers at national and international conferences.

Another ceasefire line separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin. Lying further to the east, it is known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC).[6]


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Documentaries covering the LoC and related events include A journey through River Vitasta,[84] Raja Shabir Khan's Line of Control[85] and HistoryTV18's Kargil: Valour & Victory.[86] A number of Bollywood films on the 1999 Kargil conflict have involved depictions and scenes of the line of control including LOC: Kargil (2003),[87] Lakshya (2004)[88] and Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl (2020).[89] Other Bollywood films include Uri: The Surgical Strike (2019)[90] and Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015),[91] and streaming television shows such as Avrodh (2020).[92]

Andrs Till: The Beckhoff CX9020 runs TwinCAT 3 with a number of software extensions. Alongside some of the Beckhoff add-ons, we have also written some ourselves and integrated these into the system. Our performance requirements are already met perfectly by one of the smaller Embedded PCs from Beckhoff. We can control up to 24 axes via the CX9020, and it also works without fail with 32 axes if required; however, the transport box would have been too large in this case and less straightforward to handle on set. The system is modular and the components can work independently of each other. Any additional accessories we connect are automatically detected, which makes our work so much easier on site.  

Join us as a sponsor for the "Control" movie Red Carpet Premiere in London this November, featuring stars Kevin Spacey and Lauren Metcalfe. Given the film's current traction in the media and its anticipated theatrical release in December, this event is set to be truly noteworthy. SS Founder, Jacob N. Stuart, is an Associate Producer on the project.

The primary per-protocol analyses provide an estimate of 27% PE against malaria infection, which is near the targeted efficacy of 30% used in the power calculations. This effect, however, was not statistically significantly protective at the one-sided 5% significance level. There were 298 first-time infections, in contrast to an expected number of at least 417 assumed in the sample size calculations, thus resulting in the trial being underpowered. The demonstration of spatial repellency PE (66%) against total new infections in the subset of 12 clusters used for entomological measures, which had an approximately 4-fold greater malaria infection incidence during intervention, indicates health impact where risk of malaria infection was greatest (i.e., locations with highest vector-landing densities). Outcomes reported here are promising for malaria control, despite the study being unable to demonstrate clear, statistically PE on primary analysis, with data anticipated to be included in meta-analyses with other clinical trials evaluating SRs.

These study findings report a 16.4% numerical reduction in indoor-landing mosquitoes exposed to active treatment compared with placebo-control. Just as important was an observed numerical reduction (11%) on outdoor-landing collections on the exposed verandah of sentinel houses, as Sumba residents often sleep on the verandah without the protection of a bed net. It is noted, however, that both indoor and outdoor HLC outcomes showed wide CIs that overlap zero, making results inconclusive; nevertheless, the intervention showed impact against malaria in these clusters. A previous proof-of-concept study on Sumba that evaluated a metofluthrin-active coil resulted in a significant 32% reduction in An. sundaicus indoor-landing rates as compared with a blank coil control.19 The minimal reduction in the human-landing rate in the current RCT may be the result of species-specific effects by active ingredient (i.e., metofluthrin versus transfluthrin), but differences in HLC outcomes of the two studies on Sumba should not be interpreted as the transfluthrin intervention being less efficacious than a coil. The greater complexity of anopheline diversity may likely have contributed to the inconclusive HLC outcomes based on aggregated anopheline data. It is expected similar results may occur in future trials that are conducted in settings with diverse vector populations and/or as cluster size increases, thereby increasing the probability of greater habitat diversity.

Overall, the point to apply for future SR trials (and perhaps other trials of new vector control interventions) is to improve the mechanism for capturing and communicating AEs and SAEs before the initiation of the study to better ensure reliable reporting and regular monitoring for unusual numbers of complaints. If these studies are regarded as a clinical trial with a placebo arm that requires comparative AE and SAE data, the scale could cause failure in safety assessment simply on the mass of data, however imperfectly collected. Any safety signal detected would most likely be due to bias in reporting and/or collection bias and unrelated with the investigational intervention. Trials evaluating an SR intervention with a registered active ingredient (i.e., a chemical meeting regulatory approvals for acceptable levels of human risk), such as transfluthrin, could focus on a small number of complaints that might be expected because of inhalation (i.e., volatilization) and develop a monitoring scheme that collects consistent data across the study population. Clinic-based complaints of respiratory illness such as pneumonia and asthma might be possible, but the variability in their method of collection (clinic or survey) will likely be highly dependent on study site infrastructure.

Perovskite manganites exhibit fascinating transport and magnetic properties, essential for fundamental research and applications.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 In particular, with the development of thin film nanoscale technologies, more exotic properties have been observed in doped-manganite thin films over a wide range of temperature.8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 However, the origin of many fundamental phenomena remains unclear. For instance, it has been recently shown that doped-manganite ultra-thin films have anomalous transport anisotropic properties, and such complex phenomena could not be explained with a strain effect alone.20 This raises an important, fundamental question of the role of spin, charge and orbital to macroscopic properties in doped-manganite ultra-thin films and strongly correlated electron systems.

To further demonstrate how our comprehensive methodology works, we also present a study on LSMO ultra-thin films on SrTiO3 substrates (LSMO/STO) for comparison. We observe that LSMO/STO behaves differently from that on LSMO/DSO, despite both being under tensile strain, of similar thickness and the same chemical doping/stoichiometry. Here, although the O2p-Mn3d hybridization strength increases with decreasing temperature, our similar scenario explains well the observed macroscopic properties.

As discussed above, our XMCD measurement reveals a small net magnetization for the ultra-thin LSMO film on DSO at low temperature. One might think of a phase separation between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic or other non-magnetic phases.42, 43 We argue that this is not the case here for the following reasons. First, we do not observe a XMCD signal at the O K-edge (see Supplementary Figure 11), suggesting that the local ferromagnetic regions are not present in our samples. As a comparison, for ferromagnetic bulk LSMO, the dichroism at the O K-edge is significant, emphasizing the importance of the double-exchange mechanism.40 Second, temperature-dependent resistivity measurements on similar LSMO/DSO ultra-thin film show no hysteresis between cooling and heating at the low-temperature region,20 which further supports a single-phase character. Thus, a canted-ferromagnetic (or canted-antiferromagnetic) phase is the most plausible interpretation for the low-temperature magnetic phase of LSMO/DSO ultra-thin films.

To further support our argument on the necessity of looking at the electronic and spin structures directly using the comprehensive methodology, we also present our study on LSMO ultra-thin films on STO substrates, LSMO/STO (see Supplementary Figure 12). Despite being under tensile strain too, the same chemical composition and very similar film thickness, we find that the strength of p-d hybridization increases as temperature decreases (see Supplementary Figure 12a and the black dot in Supplementary Figure 12b). This is opposite to that observed in LSMO/DSO (see Figure 2a and black dot in Figure 2c), yet it explains well the observed monotonic decrease of the resistivity and increase of magnetization in LSMO/STO as temperature decreases (see Supplementary information for details).

X Yin, XC, NP, XY, DC and AR performed X-ray absorption and XMCD measurements. X Yin, DS and AR performed spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. JW, PR and LY grew high-quality thin films and performed transport measurements. YP, X Yin and AR performed synchrotron X-ray diffraction and topography measurements. MAM and AR performed theoretical calculations. XYin, MAM, AR analyzed the data. AR wrote the manuscript with the assistance from XYin, MAM, JW and MBHB AR planned and designed a combination of spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray absorption and XMCD measurements. AR and JW supervised the project. e24fc04721

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