Another very important value addition that salting provides is no two users are going to end up with an identical password hash because the salts will be different. Imagine an attacker is able to crack one of the passwords and if salts are not used the attacker simply has to do a look up to find out which other users are using the same password.

I have a feeling that someone may have already mentioned this but I read an article on Salting Passwords.

It may sound like overkill and paranoia, but imagine if the password stored in 1password was **NOT ** the exact and correct password.

Imagine the scenario....

1Password has say 16 salting algorithms. Say algorithm 1 adds a random character at the beginning and end of the password.

(i.e. "P455w0rd" becomes "#P455w0rd$").

This technically means that the password stored is NOT the correct password, and when autofill kicks in it calls upon the corresponding salting algorithm to paste the correct password, or whenever you go to edit it.

Should a cache or database ever be compromised (which should never happen) the password(s) stored are not the exact ones, giving the victim some peace of mind that the resting (stored) password is NOT the actual one.


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@uwalakab: Indeed, encryption already protects all of the data you store in 1Password, and that's much more effective than simply salting and/or hashing. After all, more and more website breaches demonstrate this because when the passwords they store are not encrypted, but rather salted/hashed, it's much easier to reverse that; what results is large databases of passwords being dumped online in plaintext. It is trivial for automated tools to try permutations of numbers/symbols in place of letters (and vice versa), so that doesn't offer any real security (though I suspect you know that and were just using that as an easy-to-understand example). There are dictionaries for these things, and tables of precalculated hashes as well.

On the other hand, salting an hashing passwords is really important when there is little or no other security, as is the case with most websites: they store your password so they can compare it to what you enter each time you visit; and authentication is how they prevent unauthorized access. The opposite is true of 1Password: encryption is what protects the data. not authentication.

The salting-out effect is a modern phenomenon, and its basic mechanism involves a change in the solubility of a nonelectrolyte in an aqueous solution with the addition of a salt9. Specifically, when solute ions are added into the solution of a nonelectrolyte, there will be competition among them for H2O molecules. Since ions are able to attract polar H2O molecules via Coulombic interactions, this competition is won by the solute ions, and nonelectrolytes with less affinity for H2O molecules lose. The H2O molecules preferentially move away from the nonelectrolytes towards the solute ions, forming a hydration shell around the ions. As a result, the H2O involved in the hydration of the ions can no longer serve as either a proton source or solvent, not only effectively suppressing the HER but also driving the nonelectrolyte to precipitate from the solution due to decreased dissolution10. Considering N2 as the nonelectrolyte, the precipitated N2 may move around randomly, with no tendency towards nucleation because of the relatively high energy barrier. However, in a heterogeneous catalytic system, when a solid phase is present in the system, the precipitated N2 is more inclined to accumulate on the heterogeneous interface due to the lowered nucleation barrier11. When the salt concentration is high enough, a high level of hydration can be achieved, delivering abundant N2 molecules to the electrocatalyst surface, and greatly facilitating the subsequent adsorption and reaction processes. Bearing these in mind, the salting-out effect can be elegantly applied in electrochemical NRR systems, simultaneously promoting both selectivity and activity.

However, there are limitations in the protections that a salt can provide. If the attacker is hitting an online service with a credential stuffing attack, a subset of the brute force attack category, salts won't help at all because the legitimate server is doing the salting+hashing for you.

As we can see, hashing and salting are very complex processes and the security of our systems greatly relies on their successful implementation. While these are no methods to create 100% secure systems, these are methods to create hardy and resilient systems. It's best to leave the creation, maintenance, and operation of such methods and systems to security experts. A misstep in your home-made security strategy may lead to extensive damage to your business, users, and reputation.

You can minimize the overhead of hashing, salting and password management through Auth0. We solve the most complex identity use cases with an extensible and easy to integrate platform that secures billions of logins every month.

If you use salt, scatter it so that there is space between the grains. Believe it or not, a coffee mug of salt is enough to treat an entire 20-foot driveway or 10 sidewalk squares. If you see oversalting, follow these simple steps.

Natural load-bearing materials such as tendons have a high water content of about 70 per cent but are still strong and tough, even when used for over one million cycles per year, owing to the hierarchical assembly of anisotropic structures across multiple length scales1. Synthetic hydrogels have been created using methods such as electro-spinning2, extrusion3, compositing4,5, freeze-casting6,7, self-assembly8 and mechanical stretching9,10 for improved mechanical performance. However, in contrast to tendons, many hydrogels with the same high water content do not show high strength, toughness or fatigue resistance. Here we present a strategy to produce a multi-length-scale hierarchical hydrogel architecture using a freezing-assisted salting-out treatment. The produced poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels are highly anisotropic, comprising micrometre-scale honeycomb-like pore walls, which in turn comprise interconnected nanofibril meshes. These hydrogels have a water content of 70-95 per cent and properties that compare favourably to those of other tough hydrogels and even natural tendons; for example, an ultimate stress of 23.5  2.7 megapascals, strain levels of 2,900  450 per cent, toughness of 210  13 megajoules per cubic metre, fracture energy of 170  8 kilojoules per square metre and a fatigue threshold of 10.5  1.3 kilojoules per square metre. The presented strategy is generalizable to other polymers, and could expand the applicability of structural hydrogels to conditions involving more demanding mechanical loading.

Salt is an essential ingredient in cheese making. Not only does it add flavour to the cheese, it helps to dry the curds during draining by controlling whey expulsion and causing the curds to shrink. However, the primary reason for salting cheese is to retard or halt the bacteria cultures continuing to convert lactose (milk sugar) into lactic acid.

Hopefully, you now have a better understanding of salting cheese and how important it is to get it just right. Too little and unwanted bacteria or moulds may infect your cheese and too much makes it inedible. Who would have thought that this simple compound was so essential to cheese making!

Hi Gavin,

 I make cheese as a hoby.

 I made gouda cheese (I used your video in youTube), and I forgot to do the salting process.

 I already waxed the cheese.

 I would like to know what I should do:

 Can I leave it like that, or should I remove the wax, do the salting process, and wax again.

 Thank you.

The first time someone ever cooked an eggplant, it was a much different vegetable than the one we're familiar with. Sure, the shape and color and size were probably different than the eggplants we eat now, but the most noticeable difference was the flavor. Once upon a time, eggplants tasted incredibly bitter, and salting them before cooking helped to draw out and eliminate some of that astringency. But things have changed.

There are many variables you can change when making roasted potatoes: oven temperature, salting before or after, waxy or floury potatoes, etc. I decided to do a series of experiments to find the optimal recipe. This first installment is about salt: is it better to salt the potatoes before or after roasting? Instinctively I have always salted afterwards, but I was curious if that was really the best way.

We tasted the potatoes and agreed that post-salting is better than pre-salting. Salting before or after clearly makes a difference. The outside of the post-salted potatoes is more crispy and has a nice bite to it, whereas the outside of the pre-salted potatoes is tough and leathery. This is probably caused by the salt drawing moisture out of the potato, which prevents the outside from crisping up properly. It turns out that my instincts had been right.

Thank you so much for putting all the pertinent info cooks need about pre-salting meat into one blog. And I completely agree with you that our sodium health issues likely stem from processed foods. - Happycook

However, password salting can be an effective and vital way to minimize these threats. When companies fail to properly secure data, they put their organization at risk for devastating cyber-attacks, like the recent Montenegro cyberattack by Russia.

Password salting is used in conjunction with hashing. When you salt a password, you add random integers and strings to every password before you hash it. A salt is a randomized, considerably large value generated when you use a secure random number generator or random bit generator. Salts get stored with each password hash value on your server, thus creating unique hash values for passwords.

So, we just went to a local restaurant that has a butcher counter. We bought some beef bones for making a brown beef stock, and the young hipster guy behind the counter proceeds to tell us how to make stock (we didn't ask--he clearly just assumed we didn't know how, which is a little annoying). He informed us that we needed to salt the bones before roasting. I thought this was odd, as I've never added salt to a stock. I don't have a prohibition against adding salt, but for me stock is a sort of umami-rich blank slate--I don't want to start out with something salty. I'd rather add salt to individual dishes as I see fit. Part of me thinks that this guy was just being a bro-chef, getting a kick out of telling us how to make stock and not quite getting it right, but then maybe I've been missing something. Is there a salt-adding stock-making cult with which I am unfamiliar? Is there a purpose to salting beef bones before roasting them for stock? 006ab0faaa

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