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Now let's assume you have a private jet and you can fly in thefastest possible straight line between Hugo, Oklahoma andHouston, Texas. Because of the curvature of the Earth, theshortest distance is actually the "great circle" distance, or"as the crow flies" which is calculated using an iterativeVincenty formula.

The distance is the same either way if you're flying a straight line (or driving the same roads back and forth). But for a real trip, there can be plenty of differencesso go ahead and check the reverse directions to get thedistance from Houston to Hugo (Oklahoma), or go to the main pageto calculate the distance between cities.

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Farsightedness, medically known as hyperopia, refers to vision that is good at a distance but not at close range. Farsightedness occurs when the eyeball is shorter than normal, as measured from front to back, or when the cornea has too little curvature. This reduces the distance between the cornea and retina, causing light to converge behind the retina, rather than on it.

We present a quantum key distribution system with a 2.5 GHz repetition rate using a three-state time-bin protocol combined with a one-decoy approach. Taking advantage of superconducting single-photon detectors optimized for quantum key distribution and ultralow-loss fiber, we can distribute secret keys at a maximum distance of 421 km and obtain secret key rates of 6.5 bps over 405 km.

When the shooting distance increases, the player must reduce the ball release angle and the ball follows a flatter flight path (Miller and Bartlett, 1996; Satern, 1993). The release angle and the entry angle are directly related to each other (Brancazio, 1981) and alter the size of the vertical virtual target, as indicated in Figure 2. For instance, when the ball reaches the basket with an angle close to 90, the passage area is given by the difference between the ball and basket areas (Miller and Bartlett, 1993). When the entry angle decreases the vertical virtual target is reduced and produce a smaller entrance area (Miller and Bartlett, 1993, 1996). Thus, shoots performed from far distances decrease the release angle and increase accuracy demands.

Shots performed from long distances, also require greater impulse to propel the ball towards the basket (Miller and Bartlett, 1993, 1996; Satern, 1993; Walters et al., 1990). Impulse increases have been shown to decrease accuracy (Meyer et al., 1988; Okazaki et al., 2008b; Schmidt et al., 1979). Indeed, small accuracy has been observed on shots performed at long distances during real game situations (Okazaki et al., 2004) and experimental conditions (Elliott, 1992). Therefore, increasing shooting distance may affect accuracy due to motor control strategies applied to control the increased task spatial constraints (vertical and horizontal virtual targets). Different movement strategies have been verified as distance increased in an attempt to account for these constraints (Satern, 1993).

Satern, 1993 showed increased ball release velocity when shooting distance was increased. The players were able to increase release velocity by using greater arm joint range of motions. Similarly, Elliott and White, 1989 reported greater shoulder angular velocities and greater movement amplitudes around the shoulder and wrist in female basketball players in response to shooting distance increases. Miller and Bartlett, 1993 observed greater shoulder flexion, greater elbow extension and increased center of mass displacement towards the basket. These changes were considered as compensatory strategies that emerge when shooting distances are increased. Thus, different adaptive strategies are reported in the literature, but, the effects of distance manipulation with respect to movement control strategies are not clear.

Then, participants were allowed additional shots preceding the data collection, which was initiated after 2 minutes of rest. Ten jump shots were performed in a random order from three conditions to represent a close, intermediate and long distances (2.8, 4.8, and 6.8m, respectively) using a standard basket (height 3.05m). The percentage of successful shots was recorded und used to determine jump shooting accuracy.

The shots close to the basked were performed using higher jump heights, when compared to the shots performed from an intermediate distance (p < 0.05). Shooting close to the basket also allowed the ball release to occur at the instant of highest jump height in comparison to the shots performed far from the target (p < 0.05). Increasing the distance caused a greater horizontal velocity of the center of mass in comparison to the shots executed from the longest distance (p < 0.05). The closest shots were performed at the descending phase of the jump, i.e., after the instant of maximal jump height. On the other hand, ball release of the shots performed from intermediate and long distances occurred in the ascending phase of the movement. A greater vertical velocity of the jump was observed as shooting distances increased (p < 0.05). Table 2 showed the shot center of mass variables across the experimental conditions.

The increased distance of shooting did not change the maximum and minimum joint angles (F2,27 < 3.5; p > 0.05). Joint angular amplitudes also showed with no significant modifications, independently of the shooting distance for the lower limbs (F2,27 < 3.5; p > 0.05), trunk (F2,27 = 1.43; p = 0.263), shoulder (F2,27=0.192; p = 0.827), and wrist joints (F2,27 = 1.85; p = 0.185). The elbow angular amplitude (F2,27 = 8.92; p = 0.002) increased in the shots performed from the nearest distance, when compared to the others (p < 0.05). Joint angles during the release instant were not altered for the lower limbs (F2,27 < 1.5; p > 0.05), trunk (F2,27 = 2.75; p = 0.091), elbow (F2,27 = 1.24; p = 0.313), and wrist joints (F2,27 = 2.07; p = 0.155). The shoulder joint (F2,27 = 6.05; p = 0.0097) showed shorter flexion when the shots were performed from the farthest distance in comparison to the shots performed from the closest distance (p < 0.05). Table 3 shows the joint angular displacement variables across the experimental conditions.

Shots performed at farther distances from the basket presented smaller release heights. Shots performed from long distances demand the generation of a large impulse to propel the ball over a long trajectory to reach the basket. Small release height and great release impulse to propel the ball have been related to less accurate shots (Brancazio, 1981; Knudson, 1993; Miller and Bartlett, 1996). A reduced ball release height has been described as to occur before the highest jump height is reached (Elliott, 1992). In addition, these shots are also characterized by a reduced shoulder flexion (Elliott and White, 1989; Miller and Bartlett, 1993) and a decrease jump height (Miller and Bartlett, 1993). The present study also confirmed the use of such strategy that includes a premature ball release instant with respect to the jump height peak and has been applied to allow the use part of the jump energy in an attempt to optimize the impulse to release the ball (Elliott, 1992; Knudson, 1993). On the other hand, this strategy has been suggested to reduce shot stability (Knudson, 1993; Okazaki et al., 2006b). Shots performed near to the basket (closest condition) presented the ball release instant close to the maximum jump height. Therefore, shots performed closer to the basket allowed greater stability, smaller travelling ball distance and less demand to generate large amounts of impulse to propel the ball at the release instant. These factors helped to understand the higher accuracy found in shots performed close to the basket.

The lower ball release height did not cause jump height decreases. This corroborates with the consistency of the lower limb kinematics, irrespective of the shot distance. It is also indicative of players of low experience level (i.e., novices). The greater horizontal velocity of the center of mass towards the basket was found as shot distance increased. Indeed, the vertical velocity of the center of mass increased in response to distance increments. These greater velocities have been associated to the strategies of the reuse of the energy generated on jump to be transferred to the upper limbs to optimize the impulse to release the ball (Elliott, 1992; Knudson, 1993; Okazaki et al., 2006b). This strategy has been found on shots performed from farther distances (Elliott, 1992) and in players with diminished capacity to generate force or and with less experience (Okazaki et al., 2006b). However, the strategy of optimizing the impulse by releasing the ball at instants closer to the highest velocity of the center of mass (vertical and horizontal velocities) has been related to less shooting accuracy which helps to explain the low accuracy found in shots performed from far distances.

The release height reduction can be also explained by a decreased shoulder flexion at balls release instant. As the ball was released with lower shoulder flexion, the throwing hand achieved a lower height position. It has been proposed that the shoulder largely determines the balls release angle (Okazaki et al., 2008a). The results of the present study are in consonance with these arguments because shot distance increases were characterized by lower shoulder flexion and lower ball release angle.

The decrease on ball release angle has been also reported when distance of shooting increases (Miller and Bartlett, 1996; Satern, 1993). The lower release angle on jump shots performed far from the basket can be viewed as an attempt to minimize the larger demand to propel the ball. If the release angles were unaltered, shots performed from far distances would require more force and jeopardize accuracy and increase error ratio (Meyer et al., 1988; Schmidt et al., 1979; Okazaki et al., 2008b). It seems that mastering the appropriated movement strategies to use the release angles that do not compromise the ball entry angle and preserve lower velocity generation may increase performance outcomes (Brancazio, 1981; Miller and Bartlett, 1996). e24fc04721