Download Bridget Blue Oxygen O2

Cyanobacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms that live in lakes, streams, oceans, damp soil, and other wet environments. They are photosynthetic, meaning that they are able to use sunlight to produce energy and food. During this process, they release oxygen into the atmosphere. In fact, Earth as we know it today is partly courtesy of the massive amounts of atmospheric oxygen produced by cyanobacteria starting about 3.5 billion years ago (based on the fossil record).

When nutrients and other pollutants associated with animal manures and commercial fertilizers are not managed properly, they can affect plant and animal life (including humans) negatively. Some of these impacts include algae blooms causing the depletion of oxygen in surface waters, pathogens and nitrates in drinking water, and the emission of odors and gases into the air.

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When manure or commercial fertilizers enter surface water, the nutrients they release stimulate microorganism growth. The growth and reproduction of microorganisms reduce the dissolved oxygen content of the water body.

However, increased production of aquatic plants and algae is not healthy for water resources. Eutrophication is the term used to describe the natural or human-accelerated process whereby a water body becomes abundant in aquatic plants and low in oxygen content.

As these aquatic plants die, microorganisms use the organic matter as a food source. Once again, the microorganisms grow and reproduce and use up the oxygen in the water. Any increase in the amount of aquatic plant growth ultimately will result in a reduced dissolved oxygen content of the water body, eventually suffocating fish and other aquatic species.

In addition to oxygen depletion, the potential exists for the algae to be toxic. Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) can cause rashes, nausea and respiratory problems in humans and has been documented that it kills livestock that drink from affected water storages. See the NDSU Extension publication "Cyanobacteria Poisoning (Blue-green Algae)" for more information.

High levels of nitrates in drinking water are known to cause methemoglobinemia (blue-baby syndrome) in human infants and other warm-blooded animals. In humans and livestock, nitrates interfere with oxygen uptake in the circulatory system.

It was a gorgeous day on the deep crystal blue water. There was a slight breeze from the northeast that kept us cool as the day warmed. We ran south until we found the fleet! As we slowly motored up to the group of boats, we saw several people hooked up, including Dave Barsi with a deeply bent rod and a big smile on his face!

After about 30 minutes, we saw the dazzling electric blue stripes on the fish as it came to the surface, and the mate grabbed the bill of the 100 pound striped marlin in his gloved hand, gently pulled the lure out of his mouth and released him.

We were trolling along at the usual 8 knot pace when the lure on my heaviest Cousins rod with a Shimano Tiagra 2 speed reel was ripped off the outrigger and the 50 pound test line started screaming off the reel! Bridget grabbed the rod and was amazed when a long blue and silver bullet erupted from the sapphire ocean and skipped across the top of the water like a Corvette blazing off the starting line in a spray of boiling water! That marlin stayed out of the water for a good 100 feet before suddenly diving straight down toward oblivion!

(A) Representation of the zebrafish in the chambers, the Oroboros Oxygraph, and the information output for each age of the zebrafish. The zebrafish are placed in the Oroboros oxygraph chamber with 2 mL of E3 media with the stirrer speed set to 26 rpm. The chambers are closed to accurately measure the oxygen concentration in the chamber. If additional reagents are added, they are added through the standpipes via a Hamilton syringe. An example of the output in embryos is on the right side of the figure. The blue line is oxygen concentration in the chamber. The red line is the tangent of the blue line. (B) Mitochondrial respiration measurements in 5 days post fertilization embryos using the Oroboros stir bar set at a speed of 26 rpm. Basal respiration was measured 5 min after the embryos acclimated to the chamber (circles). Oligomycin was used to initiate leak respiration (25 M; squares). Maximum respiration was achieved by adding FCCP (2.5 M, triangles). Rotenone (1.3 M) and antimycin A (1.8 M) were used to determine non-mitochondrial respiration (upside down triangles). Complex IV activity (diamonds) was measured by the addition of ascorbate (10 mM) and TMPD (0.3 mM). Each point equates to one experiment and each experiment contains 60 embryos.

To assess mitochondria efficiency in active larvae, we measured components of mitochondrial respiration as mentioned above in zebrafish embryos. Five larvae were utilized at each point under the same stirrer speed for maximum oxygen distribution in the oroboros chamber. Basal oxygen consumption rate was determined to be 94.4 8.3 pmol O2 per minute per larvae (Figure 2A). Exposing larvae to oligomycin, leak respiration rate was determined to be 37.4 12.3 pmol O2 per minute per larvae (Figure 2A). The maximum respiration of the mitochondria when exposed to FCCP was determined to be 125.2 16.4 pmol O2 per minute per larvae (Figure 2A). Non-mitochondrial respiration in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors was determined to be 14.3 1.9 pmol O2 per minute per larvae and complex IV activity representing efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation was determined to be 55.52 4.9 pmol O2 per minute per larvae (Figure 2A).

Individual basal respiration rates in young (3-month old) adult males (A) and females (B). Using the thin stir bar (see methods) measurements were made initially at 26 rpm (blue), then at 100 rpm (green), then at 200 rpm (yellow), and after return to 26 rpm (red).

One striking result of this research project is the identification of sex differences in oxygen consumption. Even more surprising to us is the fact that in young adults (3-month-old) under minimal current, males on average have a two-fold increase in oxygen consumption compared to female. However, in older adults (12-month-old) female have a 30% increase in oxygen compared to males (Figure 3). Interestingly, the average oxygen consumption in a 3-month-old and a 12-month male is the same (160 pmol O2/min) (Figure 4A) while female show a 160% increase in oxygen consumption between 3 and 12 months of age (Figure 4B). We speculate that the dramatic increase in oxygen consumption in female is due to the energy consumed by the females during oocytes production. Zebrafish female start to produce viable oocyte at around 3 months but are at their peak of fecundity at around 12 months old (Hoo et al., 2016; Johnson et al., 2018). Female fish over the age of 12 months likely expend more energy on reproductive tasks such as egg production, driving an increased metabolic rate with increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Spermatozoid production requires less energy consumption for the male explaining while their oxygen consumption does not vary as the fish reach their sexual maturity (Mauch and Schoenwolf, 2001). Another difference observed due to sex differences in this report was the recovery in oxygen consumption after the adult zebrafish were subjected to physical activity (i.e., forced swimming in an increasing current, Figure 5). In our experimental settings it seems that the recovery in oxygen consumption is faster and greater in the females than in the males. While males display a steady decrease increase in oxygen consumption when subjected to a strong current (100 or 200 rpm), the decrease in oxygen consumption persist when the males are returned to the minimum current speed (26 rpm). However, in females although a slight decrease in oxygen consumption is observed at 100 rpm, all females tested show an increase in oxygen consumption when in a 200 rpm current but return rapidly to a normal level of oxygen consumption once put back in a 26 rpm current. The reason why female tends to recover better than males, at least in terms of oxygen consumption, when subjected to a physical effort remains elusive. However, zebrafish have a sexual dimorphism in term of size and weight with female being bigger and heavier than males (The zebrafish book). These anatomical differences in size and weight may explain why female after a physical effort can return rapidly to a normal level of oxygen consumption compared to males (Nsslein-Volhard, 2012).

SpectraDisc was another such technology, and on January 13, 2003, Flexplay Technologies acquired all of the SpectraDisc Corporation assets.[1] SpectraDisc discs worked in a similar way as Flexplay discs, only not starting as red and turning blue instead of black.[2]

A Flexplay disc is shipped in a vacuum-sealed package. There is a clear dye inside the disc, contained within the bonding resin of the disc, which reacts with oxygen.[4] When the seal is broken on the vacuum-packed disc, the layer changes from clear to black in about 48 hours, rendering the disc unplayable.[5] If unopened, the shelf life of the sealed package is said to be "about a year".[5] The DVD plastic also has a red dye in it, which prevents penetration of the disc by blue lasers, which would go straight through the oxygen-reactive dye.

The Flexplay discs are dual-layer DVD-9 discs. The difference from standard DVDs is the composition of the resin adhesive holding the inner and outer layer together, which is sensitive to oxygen and darkens within a pre-set time, usually 48 hours, when exposed to air.[4] The replacement of the adhesive results in only minimal altering to the DVD manufacturing process. The time of the darkening can be influenced by varying the exact composition of the resin. For the DVD-5 discs, where there is no layer of bonding resin in the optical path, a surface coating can be used. 2351a5e196