LINK Download Bolbol Jan For Ios

Textile designs, especially the sumptuous metal-ground woven silk brocades, display a variety of elegant design variations on the gol o bolbol pattern (PLATE II). This new hybrid floral vocabulary was particularly widespread in lacquerwork, and was used extensively for penboxes, mirrors, and trays. In general, densely packed designs, often featuring nightingales, were set against a profusion of flowers and fruit and nut branches or tree trunks. In this medium, flower and bird designs were commonly combined with figural scenes and portrait designs in medallions and cartouches, or, alternatively, with poetic inscriptions. The theme exercised a lesser impact in ceramics, metalwork, and rugs, in which the traditional decorative repertoire still predominated.

The culmination of bird and flower themes in post-Safavid times (1722-1925). From the Safavid period onwards, the theme of rose and nightingale began to predominate in the Persian decorative repertoire, so that the term gol o bolbol came to designate all bird and flower designs. By the late Qajar period, it even came to be synonymous with the land of Persia and its culture. The city of Shiraz, the capital of the Zand dynasty (1750-79), played a key role in this development. The tilework revetments and marble dadoes of such Shiraz buildings as a pavilion in the garden of the haft tan (the burial place of seven mystics) were decorated with delicate tilework panels embellished with designs of flowering rose bushes and nightingales executed in the pastel palette of the Zand style. The gol o bolbol design tradition is best seen in the St. Petersburg album dated 1736-51 and other related works (PLATE III), and was frequently used for lacquer-painted bindings of religious texts and Korans (Diba, 1989, pp. 243-53; idem, 1996, pp. 100-12). Roses were especially favored as symbols of the prophets (particularly the Prophet Moammad, who was said to have created the rose from a drop of his perspiration) and more generally with paradisal imagery (Schimmel, 1971, p. 31).