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One of the classic effects of famine is that it intensifies the exploitation of women; the sale of women and girls, for example, tends to increase.[300] The sexual exploitation of poor, rural, lower-caste and tribal women by the jotedars had been difficult to escape even before the crisis.[301] In the wake of the cyclone and later famine, many women lost or sold all their possessions, and lost a male guardian due to abandonment or death. Those who migrated to Calcutta frequently had only begging or prostitution available as strategies for survival; often regular meals were the only payment.[302] Tarakchandra Das suggests that a large proportion of the girls aged 15 and younger who migrated to Calcutta during the famine disappeared into brothels;[303] in late 1943, entire boatloads of girls for sale were reported in ports of East Bengal.[304] Girls were also prostituted to soldiers, with boys acting as pimps.[305] Families sent their young girls to wealthy landowners overnight in exchange for very small amounts of money or rice,[306] or sold them outright into prostitution; girls were sometimes enticed with sweet treats and kidnapped by pimps. Very often, these girls lived in constant fear of injury or death, but the brothels were their sole means of survival, or they were unable to escape.[307] Women who had been sexually exploited could not later expect any social acceptance or a return to their home or family.[308] Bina Agarwal writes that such women became permanent outcastes in a society that highly values female chastity, rejected by both their birth family and husband's family.[309]

Beginning in mid-July 1943 and more so in August, however, these two newspapers began publishing detailed and increasingly critical accounts of the depth and scope of the famine, its impact on society, and the nature of British, Hindu, and Muslim political responses.[366] A turning point in news coverage came on 22 August 1943, when the editor of The Statesman, Ian Stephens, solicited and published a series of graphic photos of the victims. These made world headlines[365] and marked the beginning of domestic and international consciousness of the famine.[367] The next morning, "in Delhi second-hand copies of the paper were selling at several times the news-stand price,"[290] and soon "in Washington the State Department circulated them among policy makers".[368] In Britain, The Guardian called the situation "horrible beyond description".[369] The images had a profound effect and marked "for many, the beginning of the end of colonial rule".[369] Stephens' decision to publish them and to adopt a defiant editorial stance won accolades from many (including the Famine Inquiry Commission),[370] and has been described as "a singular act of journalistic courage without which many more lives would have surely been lost".[290] The publication of the images, along with Stephens' editorials, not only helped to bring the famine to an end by driving the British government to supply adequate relief to the victims,[371] but also inspired Amartya Sen's influential contention that the presence of a free press prevents famines in democratic countries.[372] The photographs also spurred Amrita Bazar Patrika and the Indian Communist Party's organ, People's War, to publish similar images; the latter would make photographer Sunil Janah famous.[373] Women journalists who covered the famine included Freda Bedi reporting for Lahore's The Tribune,[374] and Vasudha Chakravarti and Kalyani Bhattacharjee, who wrote from a nationalist perspective.[375]

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Bengali girl Priyamvada is born and brought up in Delhi. The reality TV contestant is a well-known TV actor and has worked in shows like Tenali Rama, Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera, Sasural Simar Ka and many others. In Spiltsvilla 12, Priyamvada revealed that she has participated in the show to find her Prince Charming and get married. Photo: Instagram

This sense of entitlement relating to women scarred the lives of some of the greatest performers and artists of the modern era, women who emerged as powerful professionals against the backdrop of an older service economy that was dedicated to the pleasure of the elite and princely classes. Begum Akhtar, or Akhtari Bai Faizabadi as she was famously known, was raped as a young teenager by one of her princely patrons. She gave birth to a girl whom she kept with her but was forced to pass off as her sister for the rest of her life. e24fc04721