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Ashfalls vary widely in intensity, size of the ash particles, and the degree to which light from the sun is obscured or blocked completely. Because of the unexpected darkness during daylight hours, loud thunder and lightning, and the sometimes strong smell of sulfur during an ashfall, many people describe the experience as eerie and frightening, disorienting and confusing, or dreadful. In extreme ashfall, for example when ash thickness is more than 5-10 cm (2-4 in), people may feel stunned and fearful of the conditions, and may have difficulty breathing if a well-sealed shelter is not available. These thicknesses usually only occur within tens of kilometers of the vent. If caught outside during low visibility, people may become lost or extremely disoriented. If heavy ashfall continues for 12-60 hours or more (a very rare occurrence), roofs may collapse under the weight of the ash, resulting in more confusion, injuries, and even death.

Knowing what to expect during and after an ashfall can help people (1) reduce their anxiety and uncertainty when ash is falling to the ground; and (2) prepare their families and communities to deal with the ash effectively.

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Click on the links above (approaching ash clouds, during ash fall, etc.) to learn more about ash clouds and ashfall to give a perspective on what it is like during ash-producing eruptions of different scales.

This document has been prepared by the International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (IVHHN), Cities and Volcanoes Commission, GNS Science and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to promote the safety of those who experience volcanic ashfall. This guide explains the potential health effects of volcanic ash and gives details on how to protect yourself and your family in the event of a volcanic ashfall.

In most eruptions, volcanic ash causes relatively few health problems, but generates much anxiety. People can be more fearful of the health hazards of volcanic ash and gases than of the risk of dying from more major hazards, such as pyroclastic flows. However, ashfalls can affect very wide areas around volcanoes and may cause major disruption to normal living.

The fine ash particles irritate the airways and cause them to contract, making breathing more difficult in people who already have lung problems. The fine dust also causes the lining of the airways to produce more secretions which can cause people to cough and breathe more heavily. Asthma sufferers, especially children who may be heavily exposed to the ash when they play, may suffer bouts of coughing, tightness of the chest and wheezing. Some people who have never knowingly had asthma before, may experience asthma symptoms following an ashfall, especially if they go outdoors in the ash and over-exert themselves.

The mitigation of ashfall damage to public facilities: lessons learned from the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens. Washington Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region X, by W. H. Mayer, Regional Director, 1984.

Like other natural emergencies, volcanic ashfalls are unplanned events that can affect businesses. Ashfall often leads to a temporary shutdown of business operations (hours to days or longer), and may cause physical damage to buildings, equipment, computers, machinery, vehicles, inventory and supplies. Furthermore, many explosive eruptions over a period of weeks to months can result in repeated ashfalls that require costly cleanup operations after each event. Making a general plan to deal with emergencies and a specific plan for ashfall is one of the most important steps to take to mitigate the potential effects of ash and improve the response and recovery of a business to ashfall. Resources are available elsewhere for developing emergency and contingency plans (for example, a planning guide from FEMA).

During non-eruptive periods, businesses and organizations should consider their vulnerability to volcanic ashfalls. Once the vulnerability has been assessed, mitigation strategies can be developed. Three types of approaches can be used (Johnston and Becker, 2001):

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) urged the evacuation of all people within a 14-kilometer radius of Taal because of continued risk of an explosive eruption, falling ash, and a potential volcanic tsunami. GMA News in the Philippines reported that more than 40,000 residents have evacuated because of the eruption and ashfall. An estimated 450,000 people live in the evacuation zone.

On 13 January PHIVOLCS reported that new lateral vents opened along the northern flank of the volcano with 500-meter-tall lava fountains and 2-kilometer-tall steam plumes. As of 1:00 p.m. local time on 14 January, lava eruptions continue along the flank, and heavy ashfall still falls on the surrounding towns. ff782bc1db