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For many New Zealanders, brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) is the species we think of when kiwi are talked about. It is the species that lives closest to human habitation, familiar to many communities in Northland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, East Coast/Hawkes Bay and parts of Taranaki. It is also the main species on display in captivity.

This proximity of people to kiwi has also created risks to these birds through increased contact with dogs, cats and cars. However, it has also been a great advantage to the recovery of the species - hours and hours of effort from community initiatives in restoration benefit brown kiwi populations in many locations.

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The brown kiwi is faster at breeding than other kiwi, producing up to two eggs a clutch, and one to two clutches a year, as opposed to the more usual one egg per year in other kiwi species. However, much of that good reproductive work is undone by the ravages of dogs, stoats, and loss of habitat.

Northland brown kiwi once lived all over Northland. By the 1980s kiwi were locally extinct in many areas. This was largely caused by predation from introduced mammals. In 1996, it was estimated that North Island kiwi had probably declined by at least 90% during the previous century.

Northland brown kiwi are currently spread between a translocated population at Tawharanui in the south, to Whakaangi in the north. They also on offshore islands from the Bay of Islands to the Hauraki Gulf.

Northland brown kiwi live in some surprising places. They prefer damp gullies in native forest and dense shrubland but are also found in plantation forest, rough pasture, around wetlands, and in shrubland with lots of gorse or blackberry.

Adults are territorial and will stay in an area as long as the habitat is suitable. Their territory will usually overlap with that of their mate. Territories are maintained through calling, although fights ensue if enforcement is needed! Territory location is important for kiwi as they lose condition without ready access to water.

Whangarei Kiwi Sanctuary undertakes pulsed operation of 1080 in bait stations in main kiwi populations. The toxin pulses may help to counteract the influence of trap-shy stoats which could be selected for through years of consistent trapping.

DOC, often with others, is involved in a range of education work including kiwi aversion training for dogs, attending events, discussions with community groups and landowners, sessions with schools, media coverage and arranging field trips for people to meet Northland brown kiwi.

This work includes providing advice on ideas such as the safe forest harvesting regime and advocating for kiwi protection in resource management planning processes. Agreeing on cat and dog-free housing and subdivisions is a good example.

Kiwis, an icon of New Zealand, are flightless birds endemic to the country. About the size of a domestic chicken, kiwis are the smallest extant ratites (a bird group including several flightless birds like ostriches, cassowaries, emus, etc.). There are five species of kiwis, of which four species are threatened (listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List) and one is near-threatened.

As its name implies, the North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) is indigenous to the North Island of New Zealand. In fact, it is the only kiwi species native to the North Island. There are four varieties of this kiwi species, which are named for the four distinct regions on the North Island in which they live. These varieties are the Northland, Coromandel, Western, and Eastern. The North Island brown kiwi is distinguished by its spikey, dark brown feathers, which are streaked reddish-brown and black. This species, unlike other kiwis, can lay eggs in any month of the year, though its peak laying period occurs between the months of June and November. The total population of the North Island Brown Kiwi was estimated at 24,550 in 2015.

The rowi or Okarito kiwi (Apteryx rowi) lives on the South Island, specifically in a small area of forest in the immediate vicinity of the small town of Okarito, though they may also be found on some islands that do not have mammalian predators. Like the North Island brown kiwi, the rowi is brown in color, its feathers are streaked with brown and black, and it is more or less the same size. The two kiwi species also share similar breeding habits, preferring to lay eggs between the months of June and November. Unlike its northern counterpart, however, the feathers of the rowi are soft, not spikey. The rowi has the misfortune of being the most endangered kiwi species. In 2015, it was estimated that there were only 500 specimens left, though three years earlier the estimate was 375, so some progress may have been made in preserving the species.

Also known as the southern brown kiwi (Apteryx australis), the Tokoeka kiwi lives on the South Island. There are three varieties of this kiwi species: the Fiordland Tokoeka, the Haast Tokoeka and the Stewart Island Tokoeka. The Stewart Island Tokoeka is unique in that it forages for food during the day, unlike the other kiwi species that are generally nocturnal. These kiwi can come in a variety of colors, from reddish to dark brown, and their feathers, like those of the rowi, are soft and streaked with brown and black. The Tokoeka kiwi is the most numerous of all the kiwi species with about 30,000 birds in 2012. Most of them, however, are of the Fiordland or Stewart Island varieties. In contrast, the estimated number of Haast Tokoeka was estimated at just 400 in 2015.

The kiwi is very adaptable and can live almost anywhere, including scrub, exotic plantation forests, woodlands, brushy grasslands, farmland, and even sand dunes. However, they prefer to live in dense, subtropical, or temperate forests where there is wetland vegetation, lots of underbrush, and trees that run down the edges of rivers. The cover of dense forests and underbrush helps kiwi avoid predators. Kiwi also prefer to live in areas where the soil is good and the ground is not too hard, since they get their food from the soil. Forests are also where kiwi can find hollow logs and dense vegetation that they need to make their nests.

The ideal kiwi habitat can also depend on the particular species of kiwi in question. For example, many great spotted kiwi and Tokoeka kiwi live at higher elevations. The former live in the mountain ranges known as the Southern Alps and Paparoa, while the latter live in Fiordland and the Haast mountain range. In contrast, most North Island brown kiwi live in lowland and coastal forests.

200 years ago, there were millions of kiwi spread throughout New Zealand. Today, however, there are less than 68,000 specimens left, and some types of kiwi number in just the hundreds. One reason is that it is very difficult for kiwi to produce offspring. Indeed, half of the eggs laid by kiwi fail to hatch, often due to natural bacteria or the parents being disturbed by predators. And even if the eggs do hatch, 90% of the chicks that are born die within six months, many of them victims of predators. In fact, only 5% of chicks will make it to adulthood.

Kiwi are the smallest of the ratites, a distinct group of large, flightless birds. Feathers resembling a shaggy coat of brown hair cover the kiwi's body. The kiwi's long, curved, pale gray-brown bill is unique in the bird world in having the nostrils located near the tip. They smell their prey rather than see it. Though their eyes are small, their ears are unusually large.

Kiwi are native to New Zealand. The kiwi's original habitat was moist coniferous forest dominated by kauri and tree ferns. The clearing of most of this primeval forest has forced many kiwi to attempt to survive in partially timbered agricultural areas. The largest remaining population of brown kiwi on North Island resides in a large commercial pine plantation. Territories range in size from 12 to 124 acres (5 to 50 hectares) depending on the quality of the habitat. Kiwi excavate several burrows within each territory. A typical underground burrow has one entrance, a tunnel 0.7 to 6.5 feet (0.2 to 2 meter) long and a terminal chamber large enough to accommodate both birds. They also use hollow logs or shallow holes dug between tree roots.

The name kiwi is derived from the ringing call of the male. Females respond with a hoarse throaty call, which has been likened to the sound caused by opening an extremely old rusty barn door. These calls allow the pair to mark their territories and remain in contact while foraging separately. Both sexes can produce an assortment of grunts, growls, and hisses and often snuffle audibly when searching for food. The snuffling may be produced by the opening and closing of a valve behind the nostrils that prevents the bird from inhaling dirt and debris as it probes the soil and leaf litter.

Brown kiwi have an extremely varied diet that includes earthworms, beetles, snails, crayfish, insects, fruits and berries. They use their unique bill to sniff out food, as the bird forages by plunging it repeatedly into the leaf litter of the forest floor in search of prey.

The kiwi has long been the cherished national emblem of New Zealand. Though they have enjoyed complete legal protection since 1896 and large tracts of pristine forests have been set aside in parks and reserves, their numbers are dropping by about six percent each year. In 1996, scientists estimated the North Island brown kiwi population at 35,000 birds.

While adult kiwi are usually feisty enough to defend themselves against the smaller predators, their eggs and newly hatched young are extremely vulnerable to predation. Predators include rats, weasels, cats, dogs and pigs.

Thankfully kiwi are adaptable and live in a huge range of habitats, from native forest and scrub, to rough farmland and plantation forests, right through to sand dunes, snowy tussocks, and even mangroves. They especially like places where stands of trees run down to rivers and include pockets of wetland vegetation.

Because they are soil feeders, kiwi prefer places where they can get straight to the dirt, rather than having to probe through the thick leaf litter of a forest floor. They dislike places that are trampled by livestock because the ground is so compacted. 006ab0faaa