The Evolution of Football Broadcasting Industry: Embracing Legitimate Streaming Platforms, The world of football broadcasting has undergone a remarkable evolution over time, especially with the emergence of legitimate streaming platforms that provide legal access for fans to watch their favorite football matches. This change has had a significant impact on how we access and enjoy this sport, as well as transforming the existing media landscape.
In the past, football fans were limited to a handful of choices for watching matches, primarily reliant on cable or satellite television broadcasts that held the broadcasting rights. However, with technological advancements and the growth of the internet, we now have access to various legitimate streaming platforms that offer football matches legally and in high quality.
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One of the primary examples of this evolution is streaming platforms such as NBC Sports, Sky Sports, BT Sport, beIN Sports, ESPN+, DAZN, and Paramount+. These platforms provide access to various top football leagues such as the Premier League, La Liga, Serie A, and UEFA Champions League. They acquire broadcasting rights from these leagues and present matches live to fans worldwide.
The main advantage of legitimate streaming platforms is their legality. By subscribing to these services, football fans can watch their favorite matches without violating copyright laws or breaking the law. This not only provides legitimate access but also supports the football industry in a positive way, as part of the subscription fees goes towards club and league revenues.
Moreover, legitimate streaming platforms offer various features and additional benefits. For example, they often provide comprehensive match coverage, including pre and post-match analysis, highlights, and interviews. Some platforms even offer on-demand services, allowing fans to watch matches whenever they want.
Additionally, with the advent of streaming platforms, football fans also have more options in terms of how they want to watch matches. They can use various devices such as TVs, computers, smartphones, or tablets to watch matches live or on-demand. This enhances flexibility and convenience for fans who want to stay connected with their favorite teams wherever they are.
However, despite the many benefits of these platforms, there are still some challenges to overcome. One of them is the subscription cost, which may be prohibitive for some fans, especially those in countries with weak currencies or low incomes. This can be a barrier for some people in accessing football matches legally.
In conclusion, the evolution of the football broadcasting industry and the emergence of legitimate streaming platforms have brought positive impacts for football fans worldwide. They provide easier, more flexible, and legal access to watch their favorite matches, while also supporting the football industry as a whole. With continued innovation and investment in football broadcasting, we can expect even better and more satisfying viewing experiences in the future.
As an administrator, you can allow people in your organization to live-stream Google Meet meetings. You can choose whether the stream is only visible to users in your organization (in-house), shared with other trusted Google Workspace domains, or available to watch with YouTube.
Meet meetings live-stream to the selected YouTube channel of the person who started the stream. For meetings with host management on, only hosts and co-hosts can start a live stream. If host management is off, anyone in the meeting host's organization can initiate live streaming.
YouTube's privacy settings control who can see a live stream and how long the stream is available to view. You can allow streaming with YouTube even if other live stream settings are off. An unlimited number of people can watch Meet meetings live-streamed to YouTube.
You can add any Google Workspace domain to the trusted domain list, but you should only add domains that you own (such as subsidiary companies or schools in your school district). If you add a domain, anyone who has an account in that domain can watch meetings live-streamed from your organization.
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Over the last couple of years, drawing from a decade of broadcast media tech experience, Amagi's engineering teams have been building core tech products that address the "Streaming TV" needs of our customers. The results of this engineering effort have been wonderful, with Amagi becoming the acknowledged leader in the FAST / SLIN media tech space.
Amidst all this hectic activity, finding enough time to read serious tech literature is a bit hard. This weekend, I read some recent developments in adaptive streaming. If you are interested in this topic and have a few hours of time to spare, instead of reading this post of mine, please go through these inter-related readings:
As the authors explain in [1] and [2], in an ABR streaming environment, it is essential that the viewer's video client player chooses an optimal bitrate for a high quality experience (the authors model this as a 'utility maximisation' problem). High quality, in this context, is a function of (a) video bitrate and (b) network bandwidth. The choice is trivial in two cases:
However, from our daily experience, we know that network bandwidth is a random function of time with 0 as the lower bound ([1] models it as a stationary random process (t)). Given this, the player has to make an optimal choice of the next ABR video segment to download.
Given the uncertainty in network bandwidth, players maintain a video buffer of a few seconds duration, to prevent stalling the playback. The buffer is realised as a queue of fixed duration slots, with each slot being filled a video segment of optimally chosen bitrate. Note that segments in different slots may differ by size-in-bits, for the same slot duration.
Bandwidth-based: estimate the available video bandwidth and pick the highest bitrate that is less than / equal to the estimate. This is quite intuitive. Buffer-based: measure the duration of video left in the buffer, and accordingly download a higher bitrate segment (if the buffer is sufficiently occupied) or a lower bitrate segment (if the buffer is running low). This class of algorithms do away with the need to estimate bandwidth and use the buffer occupancy as a proxy / indirect indicator of the bandwidth. This approach, though not quite intuitive, is backed by sound theory. (see [2], p2, "B. Our Contributions")
[1] and [2] present different buffer-based and hybrid ABR algorithms to address the requirements listed in [1]-2.1 - viz. high bitrate, low rebuffering, low oscillations, responsiveness to network events, responsiveness to user events and low latency live streaming. Note that some of those requirements compete against each other, which makes the problem on hand, a good candidate for mathematical optimisation.
BOLA-BASIC: Optimises for playback utility and playback smoothness. Utility, from the viewer's perspective, is a function of bitrate (see [2]-(1)), while smoothness is a function of rebuffering. In [2]-III-A, increasing favours smoothness over utility. For these two aspects, [2]-(5, 7) and [2]-(6, 8) give the performance metrics of interest. Further, a control parameter V trades between these metrics and the buffer size. BOLA-BASIC solves [2]-(11) with a dynamic programming approach. To make the DP feasible, [2]-III-A assumes a large/infinite video size, and [2]-III-B relaxes the finite buffer constraint with rate stability (I couldn't find time/energy to read the rate stability theory; see ref-21 of [2]).
(Note: Equations (4) and (5) of [2], when read in sequence can be misleading, since T_k of (4) is a duration value, while T_end of (5) is the clock time. A naming confusion which the authors could have avoided, taking pity on us muggles ;^)
BOLA-FINITE: Described in [2]-III-D, this is an adaptation of BOLA-BASIC to finite sized videos. The adaption is achieved by using introducing (a) dynamic buffer size and (b) download abandonment techniques. Via a dynamic control parameter V_D, the buffer is neither filled too quickly (when a low bitrate is used for download at startup) nor maintained at a full level too long (as it would lead to unutilised bandwidth). Download abandonment can loosely be understood as an antidote to the sunk cost fallacy. When the available bandwidth drops low, by abandoning an in-progress download of a high bitrate segment, BOLA-FINITE can pick a lower bitrate segment for the same slot. Whereas, BOLA-BASIC's static per-slot decision making would've continued the higher bitrate download, leading to buffer depletion. In summary, BOLA-FINITE's time-average utility is higher than BOLA-BASIC's, and is closer to an offline algorithm's optimality. BOLA-O: BOLA-O brings stability against bitrate oscillations using bitrate capping. [2]-III-D describes the causes of & problems with bitrate oscillations, which adversely affect viewer experience. (While watching our favourite show, we would rather bear with a stream that stays steadies at a 1Mbps bitrate for a longer duration, instead of switching between 6Mbps and 1Mbps every 5 seconds.) Before switching to a higher bitrate, BOLA-O checks its viability against last segment's measured download bandwidth. In addition, to prevent the buffer getting fully filled with lower bitrate segments, BOLA-O lets the buffer to deplete to a threshold, before initiating the next segment download (with the hope that the bandwidth has improved / stabilised since the last download). BOLA-U: You must have noticed that BOLA-O sacrifices utility in favour of bitrate stability. While continuing to handle bitrate stability, BOLA-U attempts to favour utility by downloading the next segment at a bitrate that is 1 level higher than the last measured bandwidth. This hack has the beneficial side-effect of not letting the buffer to get filled with lower bitrate segments. BOLA-U's improved utility over BOLA-O, at ~95% of an offline algorithm's optimality, can be seen in [2]-Fig.9. However, as seen from [2]-Fig.10, the viewer is exposed to more oscillations as compared to BOLA-O. 152ee80cbc
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