Just wanted to mention that the problem has not shown itself again after I disabled USB suspend for my xHCI controllers. This does seem to indicate that there is some sort of bug in USB power management from kernel 4.15 upwards.

A host controller interface (HCI) is a register-level interface that enables a host controller for USB or IEEE 1394 hardware to communicate with a host controller driver in software. The driver software is typically provided with an operating system of a personal computer, but may also be implemented by application-specific devices such as a microcontroller.


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On the expansion card or motherboard controller, this involves much custom logic, with digital logic engines in the motherboard's controller chip, plus analog circuitry managing the high-speed differential signals. On the software side, it requires a device driver (called a Host Controller Driver, or HCD).

The OHCI standard for USB is similar to the OHCI standard for IEEE 1394, but supports USB 1.1 (full and low speeds) only; so as a result its register interface looks completely different. Compared with UHCI, it moves more intelligence into the controller, and thus is accordingly much more efficient; this was part of the motivation for defining it. If a computer provides non-x86 USB 1.1, or x86 USB 1.1 from a USB controller that is not made by Intel or VIA, it probably uses OHCI (e.g. OHCI is common on add-in PCI Cards based on an NEC chipset). It has many fewer intellectual property restrictions than UHCI.[2] It only supports 32-bit memory addressing,[3] so it requires an IOMMU or a computationally expensive bounce buffer to work with a 64-bit operating system.[citation needed] OHCI interfaces to the rest of the computer only with memory-mapped I/O.[3]

Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI) is a proprietary interface created by Intel for USB 1.x (full and low speeds). It requires a license from Intel. A USB controller using UHCI does little in hardware and requires a software UHCI driver to do much of the work of managing the USB bus.[2] It only supports 32-bit memory addressing,[4] so it requires an IOMMU or a computationally expensive bounce buffer to work with a 64-bit operating system.[citation needed] UHCI is configured with port-mapped I/O and memory-mapped I/O, and also requires memory-mapped I/O for status updates and for data buffers needed to hold data that needs to be sent or data that was received.[4]

The Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI)[5] is a high-speed controller standard applicable to USB 2.0. UHCI- and OHCI-based systems, as existed previously, entailed greater complexity and costs than necessary. Consequently, the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) insisted[when?] on a public specification for EHCI. Intel hosted EHCI conformance-testing and this helped to prevent the incursion of proprietary features.

Originally a PC providing high-speed ports had two controllers, one handling low- and full-speed devices and the second handling high-speed devices. Typically such a system had EHCI and either OHCI or UHCI drivers. The UHCI driver provides low- and full-speed interfaces for Intel or VIA chipsets' USB host controllers on the motherboard, or for any VIA discrete host controllers attached to the computer's expansion bus. The OHCI driver provides low- and full-speed functions for USB ports of all other motherboard chipset vendors' integrated USB host controllers or discrete host controllers attached to the computer's expansion bus. The EHCI driver provided high-speed functions for USB ports on the motherboard or on the discrete USB controller. More recent hardware routes all ports through an internal "rate-matching" hub (RMH) that converts all traffic involving any directly-connected ports working at full-speed and low-speed between the high-speed traffic presented to the EHCI controller and the full-speed or low-speed traffic that the ports operating at those speeds expect, allowing the EHCI controller to handle these devices.

The EHCI software interface specification defines both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of its data structures,[5] so it does not need a bounce buffer or IOMMU to work with a 64-bit operating system if a rate-matching hub is implemented to provide full-speed and low-speed connectivity instead of companion controllers using either the UHCI specification or OHCI specification, both of which are 32-bit only specifications.

Extensible Host Controller Interface (xHCI) is the newest host controller standard that improves speed, power efficiency and virtualization over its predecessors. The goal was also to define a USB host controller to replace UHCI/OHCI/EHCI. It supports all USB device speeds (USB 3.1 SuperSpeed+, USB 3.0 SuperSpeed, USB 2.0 Low-, Full-, and High-speed, USB 1.1 Low- and Full-speed).

Virtual Host Controller Interface (VHCI) refers to a virtual controller that may export virtual USB devices not backed by physical devices. For instance, on Linux, VHCI controllers are used to expose USB devices from other machines, attached using the USB/IP protocol.

My mouse, keyboard, and printer are all plugged into USB 2.0 ports. I tried disabling the USB 3.0 Extensible controller, which just makes the USB 3.10 Extensible controller wake up the computer -_- Further, I cannot even disable the 3.1 Extensible controller, I only have the option of uninstalling it!

My conclusion is that the OS is reading the current draw and making some assessment about power resources. Possibly they are getting this information from the hubs and maybe even adding the values together. It would be good to know if I could simply have "more host controller resources"

This issue comes from the underlying USB hardware controller which cannot handle that much devices. Linux source code shows the xHC returned a "resource error" code when trying to configure the interface. Chapter 4.4.6 of the xHCI standard explains this case:

>>The device 'XXX' was unable to connect to its ideal host controller. An attempt will be made to connect this device to the available host controller. This might result in undefined behavior for this device.

I haven't looked for it in the "documentation" lately but I did read it at some point, probably the Release Notes. Also if you plug a USB 3.0 Device in a Linux Virtual Machine and look at the USB & Bluetooth Settings it says, "Using USB devices with a USB 3.0 controller requires Linux kernel 3.2 or newer." so I'd call that defacto documentation.

I've been looking for a microcontroller (preferably pre-assembled) that will allow me to do this, but have so far come up blank. Does anyone know of a controller (preferably cheap) that will allow me to do this?

This is non-sensical from a USB perspective. USB is a host-based protocol: a device will never send data unless a host requests it first. Keep in mind here, 'host' and 'device' have specific meanings here within the protocol itself; you can think of a 'host' as the master and the 'device' as the slave. These roles are baked into a USB controller. There is no way to convince a standard USB controller in any given PC or peripheral to swap roles. There are add-in cards for PCs that are USB device controllers (making your PC act as a device), but 'cheap' is not a word I would use to describe them.

What you really are trying to do is create something that is a USB device to device bridge. So, alright, you need to have two USB(2.0) device controllers (maybe not that expensive, some micros already have to on-the-go controllers). Then you have to get them to pass something meaningful to each other. That's really hard because, as I mentioned above, hosts must tell a device to send data, and can send data to a device whenever it wants. Assuming a game controller shows up as a HID device (assuming the console doesn't listen for some weird, custom descriptor, and use some weird, custom protocol), interrupt pipes will be used to transfer data. This pipe is guaranteed to be polled at some minimum rate. So you have the console requesting data at some rate, which is not fixed, and a host-as-gamepad sending data at some rate. It's going to impossible for the two to sync up, so you'll need some kind of decent sized buffer on the gadget you're trying to create, which adds more $$ and more complexity.

USB is also pretty fast. In high-speed (USB2.0), frames are 125 microseconds long. That means you have to be completing requests at around 8KHz, which seems slow compared to the clock speed of a microcontoller, but keep in mind you have to be doing everything else at once. I'm not sure if there's a hobbyist-level microcontroller that's going to have everything you need, especially one for which you don't need to roll your own USB stack.

You will need $$$$ in equipment and $$$$$ in development work to achieve things the way you imagine. You should better tell us what do you want to emulate, and take a look here if someone has already done it for you. If not then use LUFA library with some bigger USB AVR that can behave as USB host and connect two of them (one as USB guest and the other as USB host) via some other protocol (I2C/SPI/UART).

We want to put the same program on a cRIO chassis, using the same C-series modules. The chassis we have is a cRIO-9104 with a cRIO-9014 controller. This is so we can have the program run even if our regular PC messes up on us.

Naturally this requires to recoding to make the program cRIO-compatible. An issue we are having is deciding whether to put our timer code on the controller or in the FPGA. We know the FPGA has limited resources, so we don't want to overload it. We already have the FPGA giving out three analog values that are sent to the host; the values come from the 9221 and 9211. Our timing code, which involves the 9401 seems quite extensive, and we worry if we will overrun the FPGA. ff782bc1db

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