Music Theory is the foundation for everything musical, no matter which instrument you play. It's also essential for songwriting and performing with other musicians.
To the left (or above for mobile users), I've provided a good introductory video to the world of music theory. I'll provide more sources below.
Really good for looking at music theory for individual songs (over 50,000 songs!), but a basic understanding of theory is ideal.
Great for introductory music theory. Includes both lessons and exercises about music theory and sheet music.
Great website for ear training! Ear training, the process of learning how to identify notes, chords and progressions, is a difficult process, but it is far easier to learn while young.
Credit: David Bennet Piano, Toned Ear, MusicTheory.net