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Fresh produce bacteria may have phenotypic and/or genotypic antimicrobial resistance traits that may lead to various consequences on the environment and human health. This study evaluated the susceptibility of fresh produce bacteria (banana, cabbage, capsicum, carrots, cucumber, dates, lettuce, mango, papaya, pomegranate, radish, tomato and watermelon) to chlorhexidine and the antibiotic resistance of enterococci. Eighty-eight Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and 31 enterococci were screened for their susceptibility to chlorhexidine using the broth microdilution method. Susceptibility of enterococci to various antibiotics was determined using agar dilution, colorimetric, and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods. Enterococci were more susceptible to chlorhexidine than Enterobacteriaceae indicated by chlorhexidine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 to 8 g/mL for the former and 1 to 64 g/mL for the latter. The IntI 1, qacE1, qacE and qacG genes were distributed weakly in three, two, two, and three Enterobacteriaceae isolates, respectively. Enterococci had resistance to chloramphenicol (3%), tetracycline (19%), erythromycin (68%), ciprofloxacin (55%), and vancomycin (10%) while 19% of them were multi-drug resistant. In conclusion, this research detected a low to moderate level of antibiotic resistance in enterococci. Some Enterobacteriaceae bacteria had reduced chlorhexidine MICs that were not 10x less than the recommended concentration (100-200 g/mL) in food production areas which might challenge the success of the disinfection processes or have clinical implications if the involved bacteria are pathogens. The prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in fresh produce should be monitored in the future.

Fresh and sun-dried dates of three native varieties from Oman, namely, Fard, Khasab, and Khalas, were examined for their antioxidant activity and total contents of anthocyanins, carotenoids, and phenolics, as well as free and bound phenolic acids. All results are expressed as mean value +/- standard deviation (n = 3) on a fresh weight basis. Fresh date varieties were found to be a good source of antioxidants (11687-20604 micromol of Trolox equiv/g), total contents of anthocyanins (0.24-1.52 mg of cyanidin 3-glucoside equiv/100 g), carotenoids (1.31-3.03 mg/100 g), phenolics (134-280 mg of ferulic acid equiv/100 g), free phenolic acids (2.61-12.27 mg/100 g), and bound phenolic acids (6.84-30.25 mg/100 g). A significant (p < 0.05) amount of antioxidants and carotenoids was lost after sun-drying of dates, whereas the total content of phenolics and free and bound phenolic acids increased significantly (p < 0.05). Anthocyanins were detected only in fresh dates. Date varieties had different levels and patterns of phenolic acids. Four free phenolic acids (protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, and ferulic acid) and nine bound phenolic acids (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and o-coumaric acid) were tentatively identified. Of the date varieties studied, Khalas, which is considered to be premium quality, had higher antioxidant activity, total carotenoids, and bound phenolic acids than other varieties. These results suggest that all date varieties serve as a good source of natural antioxidants and could potentially be considered as a functional food or functional food ingredient, although some of their antioxidant constituents are lost during sun-drying.

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Many outbreaks linked to the consumption of fresh produce are due to bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae and many members of this group have acquired resistance to most antibiotics [13,23]. Enterococci are widely distributed in nature and can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans and in foods that originated from animals or plants. They have been involved in food intoxication, nosocomial infections, and spreading antibiotic resistance through the food chain [24].

Sixty-one percent of the isolated enterococci in this study were resistant to at least one antibiotic, while the proportion of the pan-susceptible and the multi-drug resistant enterococci was equal (19%). In contrast, a higher proportion (34%) of multidrug resistant enterococci was found in fresh produce harvested in the southwestern United States [41]. This could be attributed to the differences in the application of antibiotics in different countries, which might have influenced the prevalence of the multidrug resistant isolates. Moreover, the authors considered resistance to two or more antibiotics as multidrug resistance, while in our study, multidrug resistance was considered for isolates showing resistance against three or more antibiotics belonging to different classes [26]. The results of enterococci resistance to tetracycline were presented in detail in another manuscript [42].

Four isolates (13%) of enterococci showed resistance to erythromycin (a macrolide antibiotic). These included E. sulfureus (lettuce, Jordan), E. casseliflavus and E. mundtii (radish, China), and E. raffinosus (local dates). In addition, 17 (55%) enterococci showed intermediate resistance to erythromycin. These included E. casseliflavus, E. faecium, and E. faecalis (imported cabbage, cucumber, lettuce, dates, tomato, and watermelon) and E. casseliflavus and E. faecalis (local radish, papaya and watermelon). E. faecium and E. faecalis isolated from fresh produce grown in the USA showed resistance (10 and 3% respectively) and intermediate resistance (75 and 68% respectively) to erythromycin. Erythromycin inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacterial cells. Resistance to erythromycin can occur due to different mechanisms such as the presence of erm genes that are responsible for methylation of the ribosomal target site or through an efflux mechanism which can be mediated by the msrA gene [43]. One isolate (3%) of enterococci; E. sulfureus (lettuce, Jordan) showed resistance to chloramphenicol. Fresh produce of the USA was found to have 5% chloramphenicol-resistant E. faecium and 3% chloramphenicol-resistant E. faecalis [41]. Other researchers did not detect any resistance to chloramphenicol or erythromycin in all enterococci isolated from fresh produce and meats [44].

In this study, 68% of enterococci were resistant/intermediate resistant to erythromycin, followed by ciprofloxacin (55%) and then tetracycline (19%). Another study reported the same sequence of frequency of resistant bacteria [24], for E. faecium isolated from vegetables. Chloramphenicol, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline are clinically important drugs for treating enterococcal infections [41]. Thus, detecting various degrees of resistance of bacteria isolated from fresh produce to these antibiotics may raise concerns about the role of the food chain in harboring and spreading such resistant bacteria. The highest ARI of 0.3 was achieved by six enterococci bacteria (13%) that were resistant to three antibiotics. These bacteria included three isolates of E. casseliflavus, two isolates of E. faecalis, and one isolate of E. sulfureus that were isolated from imported cabbage, lettuce, radish, and dates. This may indicate the potential of this group of bacteria to influence the resistome of fresh produce. Although some investigators [24] found a clear separation of enterococcal clinical isolates from those found in the open environments (fresh produce, water and soil) based on the length heterogeneity PCR typing that was caused by the reduced incidence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance levels in environmental bacteria; however, others [35] suggested that the evolution of hospital adapted pathogens could arise as a result of the selective pressure of hospital environment making them gradually isolated from the environmental ones. In fact, environmental and clinical bacteria were shown to have identical gene cassettes [32].

Results of this study showed that enterococci originated from fresh produce grown locally had low to moderate levels of antibiotic resistance which was not statistically different from antibiotic resistance levels in enterococci isolated from imported produce. This could be due to the geographical spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Finding a low prevalence of antibiotic resistance should not be ignored because it might increase in the future [30]. In fact, multiple antibiotic resistance has increased in Oman [47] in which inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions for patients might have contributed to this increase [48].

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: , Table S1: Type of antibiotics and the interpretive criteria (CLSI, 2015) for inhibition zone diameters (mm) of various antibiotics and for vancomycin Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) (g/mL) used for enterococci; Table S2: Chlorhexidine MIC of Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci isolated from local and imported fresh produce and the bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Index (ARI); Table S3: Mean diameter (mm) of growth inhibition zones of 6 antibiotics, MIC of vancomycin and susceptibility to high level gentamicin (GM), nitrocefin (N) and high level streptomycin (S) of enterococci isolated from local (nbacteria = 12) and imported (nbacteria = 19) fresh produce.

After more than 20 years of joint Omani-Swiss meteorite research, a new collaboration with the Global Fireball Network of Curtin University, Australia, was started in 2021. This permitted to install four sky observation cameras in the central desert of Oman, an excellent location for the identification of freshly fallen meteorites. Each night, the sky is observed for large shooting stars called "fireballs". The trajectory and the location of fall can be reconstructed for bright fireballs, registered by at least two of the cameras.

Two small and fresh-looking meteorites of 8.2 and 13.8 grams (total mass is 22.0 g) were recovered near Al-Khadhaf in the Shisr area in the southwest of Oman, 336 days after a fireball observation of March 8, 2022. The link between the observed fireball and the recovered meteorites was proven by the detection of characteristic short-lived radioactive isotopes, in particular manganese-54 and sodium-22. These isotopes were measured using the highly-sensitive gamma ray spectrometer GeMSE, which is situated in a tunnel inside a Swiss mountain to shield it from cosmic rays. The two individual pieces were further investigated using optical and electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The results were recently submitted to the Meteoritical Society and the meteorite is now officially classified as "H5-6 (breccia)". In line with its fall location, the meteorite was officially named "Al-Khadhaf". The fall of this meteorite was tracked by two cameras situated at a distance of 200 and 250 km from the find location. The finds were made within less than 100 m of the calculated locations. The calculated orbit showed that the meteorite derived from the inner part of the asteroid belt which is located between Mars and Jupiter. e24fc04721