Linux Kernel Architecture Epub Format

The kernel is written mostly in C, with some architecture-dependentparts written in assembly. A good understanding of C is required forkernel development. Assembly (any architecture) is not required unlessyou plan to do low-level development for that architecture. Though theyare not a good substitute for a solid C education and/or years ofexperience, the following books are good for, if anything, reference:

The kernel is written using GNU C and the GNU toolchain. While itadheres to the ISO C89 standard, it uses a number of extensions that arenot featured in the standard. The kernel is a freestanding Cenvironment, with no reliance on the standard C library, so someportions of the C standard are not supported. Arbitrary long longdivisions and floating point are not allowed. It can sometimes bedifficult to understand the assumptions the kernel has on the toolchainand the extensions that it uses, and unfortunately there is nodefinitive reference for them. Please check the gcc info pages (infogcc) for some information on them.

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The Linux kernel source tree has a large range of documents that areinvaluable for learning how to interact with the kernel community. Whennew features are added to the kernel, it is recommended that newdocumentation files are also added which explain how to use the feature.When a kernel change causes the interface that the kernel exposes touserspace to change, it is recommended that you send the information ora patch to the manual pages explaining the change to the manual pagesmaintainer at mtk.manpages@gmail.com, and CC the listlinux-api@vger.kernel.org.

The website has basic information about code organization, subsystems,and current projects (both in-tree and out-of-tree). It also describessome basic logistical information, like how to compile a kernel andapply a patch.

Before making any actual modifications to the Linux kernel code, it isimperative to understand how the code in question works. For thispurpose, nothing is better than reading through it directly (most trickybits are commented well), perhaps even with the help of specializedtools. One such tool that is particularly recommended is the LinuxCross-Reference project, which is able to present source code in aself-referential, indexed webpage format. An excellent up-to-daterepository of the kernel code may be found at:

The file admin-guide/reporting-bugs.rst in the main kernel source directory has a goodtemplate for how to report a possible kernel bug, and details what kindof information is needed by the kernel developers to help track down theproblem.

By now, I expect that you have set up Linux as a guest machine (or are using a native "test" Linux box) and have cloned the book's GitHub code repository. So far, we have covered some information regarding setting up Linux as a guest VM (as well as optionally using boards such as the Raspberry Pi or the BeagleBone). Let's now move on to a key step: actually installing software components on our Linux guest system so that we can learn and write Linux kernel code on the system!

You can literally generate the full Linux kernel documentation from within the kernel source tree in various popular formats (including PDF, HTML, LaTeX, EPUB, or XML), in a Javadoc or Doxygen-like style. The modern documentation system used internally by the kernel is called Sphinx. Using make help within the kernel source tree will reveal several documentation targets, among them htmldocs, pdfdocs, and more. So, you can, for example, cd to the kernel source tree and run make pdfdocs to build the complete Linux kernel documentation as PDF documents (the PDFs, as well as some other meta-docs, will be placed in Documentation/output/latex). The first time, at least, you will likely be prompted to install several packages and utilities (we don't show this explicitly).

It outputs a simple visualization of the complete memory map of a given process in a vertically-tiled format ordered by descending virtual address. The script has the intelligence to show kernel and userspace mappings as well as calculate and show the sparse memory regions that will be present. Also, each segment or mapping is scaled by relative size (and color-coded for readability). On 64-bit systems, it also shows the so-called non-canonical sparse region or 'hole' (typically close to 16,384 PB on the x86_64).

The utility includes options to see only kernel space or userspace, verbose and debug modes, the ability to export its output in convenient CSV format to a specified file, as well as other options. It has a kernel component as well and currently works (and auto-detects) on x86_64, AArch32, and Aarch64 CPUs.

In this chapter, we covered in detail the hardware and software requirements to set up an appropriate development environment for beginning to work on Linux kernel development. In addition, we mentioned the basics and provided links, wherever appropriate, for setting up a Raspberry Pi device, installing powerful tools such as QEMU and a cross toolchain, and so on. We also threw some light on other "miscellaneous" tools and projects that you, as a budding kernel and/or device driver developer, might find useful, as well as information on how to begin looking up kernel documentation.

One of the important features in GRUB is flexibility; GRUB understandsfilesystems and kernel executable formats, so you can load an arbitraryoperating system the way you like, without recording the physicalposition of your kernel on the disk. Thus you can load the kerneljust by specifying its file name and the drive and partition where thekernel resides.

Except for specific compatibility modes (chain-loading and the Linuxpiggyback format), all kernels will be started in much the samestate as in the Multiboot Specification. Only kernels loaded at 1 megabyteor above are presently supported. Any attempt to load below thatboundary will simply result in immediate failure and an error messagereporting the problem.

GRUB can generally find all the installed RAM on a PC-compatiblemachine. It uses an advanced BIOS query technique for finding allmemory regions. As described on the Multiboot Specification (see Motivation in The MultibootSpecification), not all kernels make use of this information, but GRUBprovides it for those who do.

This image is used as the first sector of the core image when booting from ahard disk. It reads the rest of the core image into memory and starts thekernel. Since file system handling is not yet available, it encodes thelocation of the core image using a block list format.

Load, in order, all initial ramdisks for a Linux kernel image, and setthe appropriate parameters in the Linux setup area in memory. This may onlybe used after the linux command (see linux) has been run. Seealso GNU/Linux.

Load, in order, all initial ramdisks for a Linux kernel image to be booted in16-bit mode, and set the appropriate parameters in the Linux setup area inmemory. This may only be used after the linux16 command(see linux16) has been run. See also GNU/Linux.

The goal is simple - to share my modest knowledge about the insides of the linux kernel and help people who are interested in linux kernel insides, and other low-level subject matter. Feel free to go through the book Start here

Instead of relying on network-level redirection, eBPF can inject the proxy directly at the socket level, keeping paths short. In the case of Cilium, Envoy is being used although from an architecture perspective, any proxy could be integrated into this model. Conceptually, this allows to extend the concept of a Linux kernel network namespace directly into the concept of an Envoy listener configuration and turn Envoy into a multi-tenant proxy.

aurora-xeneva is a multitasking GUI based operating system targeting x86_64 & aarch64 architecture, focusing most modern hardwares as possible. "Aurora" being the name of kernel and "Xeneva" is the name of entire operating system. Aurora kernel features SMP, Networking, HD-Audio,USB3,Graphical Drivers,..many more.

Beelzebub (The Lord of Flies) features a hybrid kernel, accompanied by libraries and apps written mainly in C++, serving as a platform for development and experimentation of kernel/OS/runtime features. It currently targets AMD64, with plans to support IA-32 and ARM architectures later. It aims to become a clean, modern, and efficient operating system for servers and workstations.

Ironclad is a mostly formally verified hard real-time kernel written in SPARK and Ada. It is made to be 100% free software, free in the sense that it respects the user's freedom. It supports several architectures and features an advanced security model with features like Mandatory Access Control (MAC). The screenshot features Gloire, a distribution of Ironclad.

JSLK is a 32-bit hobby kernel designed to run on the x86 architecture (although portability has been taken into consideration). It was started in August 2017 with the objective of learning how a computer operating system works and to improve the coding skills of the main developer. The kernel is mostly written in C with some bits of assembly and has partial compatibility with C++ (a runtime is provided). Some of its features are: extensive HAL API, System V ABI compatibility, memory management, interrupt handling, VGA driver, timers and delays, some synchronization primitives, a growing home-made C library, virtual memory, a VFS, a keyboard and RTC driver and more. Website:

Lambda OS is a hobby operating system developed by Peter Farley. Lambda OS is designed to work on any i386-compatible processor, but its' design allows for easier addition of new architectures without any major modification of the main kernel code

The kernel is developed in C++. It is designed to run on Intel x86 architecture. Supported functionalities: Multitasking, Multithreading, FAT32 and BFS file systems (proper for mkfree), Virtual memory manager, Controllers, Hierarchical protection domains (Kernel runs in ring 0 and user applications in ring 3). Multitasking: Each task is executed every 1ms intervals. For now all tasks have the same priority. There is a main thread of execution and it can have these states: 1- suspended, 2- waiting and 3- executing. Multiple threads: Each task can have several threads of execution and can have several states: 1- suspended, 2- waiting and 3- executing. GUI: Simple graphical interface. be457b7860