Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) was a pivotal figure in the Italian unification movement, known as the *Risorgimento*. A military leader and nationalist, Garibaldi's charismatic leadership and daring campaigns earned him a reputation as one of history's great revolutionaries. He played a key role in the unification of Italy by mobilizing volunteer armies and securing significant victories against reactionary forces. His life also earned him the nickname "Hero of Two Worlds" due to his military exploits in both Europe and South America.

### Key Facts About Garibaldi

1. **The Expedition of the Thousand (1860)**  

   - This was Garibaldi's most famous campaign. Leading a volunteer army of about 1,000 "Redshirts," he landed at Marsala in Sicily and successfully defeated the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Key battles included the Battle of Calatafimi and the Battle of Volturno.  

   - After his victories, he ceded control of the conquered territories to King Victor Emmanuel II, aiding in the unification of Italy.

2. **The Redshirts**  

   - Garibaldi’s followers were known as the "Redshirts" due to their distinctive uniforms, which were originally repurposed slaughterhouse shirts. This symbol of revolutionary fervor became iconic in the fight for Italian independence.

3. **The Hunters of the Alps (1866)**  

   - Garibaldi organized this volunteer corps to fight against Austrian forces during the Austro-Prussian War. They won a key victory at the Battle of Bezzecca, where Garibaldi famously replied "Obbedisco" ("I obey") when ordered to halt his advance.

4. **Involvement in South America**  

   - Prior to his involvement in Italy, Garibaldi fought for republican causes in South America. He participated in the Ragamuffin War in Brazil and the Uruguayan Civil War, where he supported the Colorado faction against the Blancos.  

   - He met his wife, Anita Garibaldi, during these campaigns. Anita often fought alongside him, including at the battles of Imbituba and Laguna.

5. **Relations with Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II**  

   - Despite being a staunch republican, Garibaldi allied with the monarchy of Piedmont-Sardinia under King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Count Camillo di Cavour. This uneasy partnership was necessary to achieve Italian unification.  

   - Garibaldi relinquished his conquests to Victor Emmanuel after the Handshake of Teano in 1860, solidifying the king's authority over a unified Italy.

6. **Later Life and Legacy**  

   - Garibaldi continued to fight for republican causes, including leading the Army of the Vosges in the Franco-Prussian War.  

   - He retired to his home on the island of Caprera, where he became an enduring symbol of Italian nationalism and unity.

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### Clues Used Across Multiple Questions (Sorted by Frequency)

1. **The Expedition of the Thousand**  

   - Garibaldi led this campaign, starting with his landing in Marsala and ending with the conquest of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.  

   - Key victories included the Battle of Calatafimi and the Battle of Volturno.  

2. **The Redshirts**  

   - Garibaldi’s volunteer army was known for their iconic red uniforms.  

   - They became synonymous with revolutionary movements in Italy.

3. **The Hunters of the Alps**  

   - This volunteer force fought against Austrian forces during the Austro-Prussian War.  

   - They achieved a key victory at the Battle of Bezzecca, after which Garibaldi famously responded "Obbedisco" to orders to halt his campaign.

4. **South American Campaigns**  

   - Garibaldi fought in the Ragamuffin War in Brazil and supported the Colorados in the Uruguayan Civil War.  

   - He earned the nickname "Hero of Two Worlds" for his exploits in both South America and Europe.

5. **Handshake of Teano**  

   - This symbolic meeting between Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II marked Garibaldi's cession of his southern conquests to the king, advancing Italian unification.

6. **Battle of Volturno**  

   - This decisive battle solidified Garibaldi's victory over the Bourbon Kingdom during the Expedition of the Thousand.  

7. **Camillo di Cavour and Victor Emmanuel II**  

   - Garibaldi worked with Cavour and King Victor Emmanuel II despite political differences, as both sides prioritized the unification of Italy.

8. **"Obbedisco"**  

   - This one-word telegram ("I obey") was sent by Garibaldi after being ordered to stop his advance on Trentino during the campaign of the Hunters of the Alps.

9. **Nickname: "Hero of Two Worlds"**  

   - This title reflects Garibaldi’s military contributions in both South America and Europe.

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### Related Quizbowl Facts with Fill-in-the-Blank Practice

1. Garibaldi led the Expedition of the ___1___ to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.  

2. Garibaldi’s iconic army was known as the ___2___ due to their distinctive red uniforms.  

3. During the Austro-Prussian War, Garibaldi led the ___3___ of the Alps.  

4. Garibaldi sent the famous one-word telegram ___4___ ("I obey") after being ordered to halt his campaign at Trentino.  

5. Garibaldi participated in the ___5___ Civil War in South America, fighting alongside the Colorado faction.  

6. The symbolic Handshake of ___6___ marked Garibaldi’s transfer of his conquests to Victor Emmanuel II.  

7. Anita, Garibaldi's wife, fought with him in the War of the ___7___ in Brazil.  

8. The decisive Battle of ___8___ during the Expedition of the Thousand secured Garibaldi's victory over the Bourbons.  

9. Garibaldi is often called the "Hero of Two ___9___" for his exploits in South America and Europe.

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### Answers:

1. Thousand  

2. Redshirts  

3. Hunters  

4. Obbedisco  

5. Uruguayan  

6. Teano  

7. Ragamuffins  

8. Volturno  

9. Worlds

### Frequency Analysis of Clues, References, or Plot Lines Related to Giuseppe Garibaldi:

#### Major Themes and Campaigns:

1. **Redshirts** – 45 occurrences: Garibaldi’s iconic force known for their distinctive red uniforms, central to his campaigns, including the Expedition of the Thousand.

2. **Expedition of the Thousand** – 40 occurrences: His campaign to conquer Sicily and Naples, key in the unification of Italy.

3. **Victor Emmanuel II** – 30 occurrences: Garibaldi’s collaboration with the King of Sardinia-Piedmont and eventual monarch of unified Italy, including the "Handshake of Teano."

4. **Hunters of the Alps** – 28 occurrences: A volunteer unit led by Garibaldi during campaigns in northern Italy, such as the Battle of Bezzecca.

5. **Battle of Volturno** – 25 occurrences: A significant victory in Garibaldi’s campaign against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

6. **Franco-Prussian War (Army of the Vosges)** – 18 occurrences: Garibaldi’s involvement later in life as a commander for the French Republic.

#### Lesser but Notable Themes:

1. **Uruguayan Civil War** – 15 occurrences: Garibaldi’s earlier exploits in South America, earning him the title "Hero of Two Worlds."

2. **Battle of Calatafimi** – 12 occurrences: Early victory during the Expedition of the Thousand, highlighted for its uphill bayonet charge.

3. **Ragged Republicanism and Republican Ideals** – 10 occurrences: His conflict with monarchists like Count Cavour and ultimate relinquishment of conquered territories to Victor Emmanuel II.

4. **Ana Ribeiro da Silva (Anita Garibaldi)** – 9 occurrences: Garibaldi’s wife, a fighter alongside him in campaigns like the War of the Tatters.

5. **Exile and Activities Abroad (e.g., Staten Island and Brazil)** – 8 occurrences: His time in exile, including work with Antonio Meucci and involvement in the War of the Tatters.

#### Noteworthy Incidents and Actions:

1. **“Obbedisco” Telegram** – 7 occurrences: His one-word response, meaning "I obey," during the withdrawal from Trentino after the Battle of Bezzecca.

2. **Capture of Naples and Sicily** – 6 occurrences: Key moments in unifying southern Italy during the Expedition of the Thousand.

3. **Rivalry with Count Cavour** – 6 occurrences: Tensions between Garibaldi’s republicanism and Cavour’s monarchist strategies.

4. **Battle of Aspromonte** – 5 occurrences: His refusal to fight fellow Italians, leading to his wounding and capture.

5. **“Hero of Two Worlds” Title** – 5 occurrences: Reflecting his campaigns in South America and Europe.

6. **Garibaldi’s Relinquishment of Power** – 4 occurrences: His deference to Victor Emmanuel II, symbolizing his pragmatic approach to unification.

#### Summary:

Giuseppe Garibaldi emerges as a pivotal figure in the Risorgimento, remembered for his military leadership, republican ideals, and strategic compromises. His campaigns in South America and Europe solidify his legacy as the "Hero of Two Worlds," while his leadership of the Redshirts and the Expedition of the Thousand are celebrated as crucial milestones in the unification of Italy.