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It is possible for Node.js to be built without including support for thenode:crypto module. In such cases, attempting to import from crypto orcalling require('node:crypto') will result in an error being thrown.

The node:crypto module provides the Certificate class for working with SPKACdata. The most common usage is handling output generated by the HTML5 element. Node.js uses OpenSSL's SPKAC implementation internally.

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Node.js uses a KeyObject class to represent a symmetric or asymmetric key,and each kind of key exposes different functions. Thecrypto.createSecretKey(), crypto.createPublicKey() andcrypto.createPrivateKey() methods are used to create KeyObjectinstances. KeyObject objects are not to be created directly using the newkeyword.

saltLength Salt length for when padding isRSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING. The special valuecrypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST sets the salt length to the digestsize, crypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_MAX_SIGN (default) sets it to themaximum permissible value.

saltLength Salt length for when padding isRSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING. The special valuecrypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST sets the salt length to the digestsize, crypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_AUTO (default) causes it to bedetermined automatically.

Because SHA-1 is cryptographically broken and because the security of SHA-1 issignificantly worse than that of algorithms that are commonly used to signcertificates, consider using x509.fingerprint256 instead.

The implementation of crypto.createCipher() derives keys using the OpenSSLfunction EVP_BytesToKey with the digest algorithm set to MD5, oneiteration, and no salt. The lack of salt allows dictionary attacks as the samepassword always creates the same key. The low iteration count andnon-cryptographically secure hash algorithm allow passwords to be tested veryrapidly.

In line with OpenSSL's recommendation to use a more modern algorithm instead ofEVP_BytesToKey it is recommended that developers derive a key and IV ontheir own using crypto.scrypt() and to use crypto.createCipheriv()to create the Cipher object. Users should not use ciphers with counter mode(e.g. CTR, GCM, or CCM) in crypto.createCipher(). A warning is emitted whenthey are used in order to avoid the risk of IV reuse that causesvulnerabilities. For the case when IV is reused in GCM, see Nonce-DisrespectingAdversaries for details.

Initialization vectors should be unpredictable and unique; ideally, they will becryptographically random. They do not have to be secret: IVs are typically justadded to ciphertext messages unencrypted. It may sound contradictory thatsomething has to be unpredictable and unique, but does not have to be secret;remember that an attacker must not be able to predict ahead of time what agiven IV will be.

The implementation of crypto.createDecipher() derives keys using the OpenSSLfunction EVP_BytesToKey with the digest algorithm set to MD5, oneiteration, and no salt. The lack of salt allows dictionary attacks as the samepassword always creates the same key. The low iteration count andnon-cryptographically secure hash algorithm allow passwords to be tested veryrapidly.

Creates an Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key exchange object using apredefined curve specified by the curveName string. Usecrypto.getCurves() to obtain a list of available curve names. On recentOpenSSL releases, openssl ecparam -list_curves will also display the nameand description of each available elliptic curve.

The key is the HMAC key used to generate the cryptographic HMAC hash. If it isa KeyObject, its type must be secret. If it is a string, please considercaveats when using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs. If it wasobtained from a cryptographically secure source of entropy, such ascrypto.randomBytes() or crypto.generateKey(), its length should notexceed the block size of algorithm (e.g., 512 bits for SHA-256).

Because public keys can be derived from private keys, a private key may bepassed instead of a public key. In that case, this function behaves as ifcrypto.createPrivateKey() had been called, except that the type of thereturned KeyObject will be 'public' and that the private key cannot beextracted from the returned KeyObject. Similarly, if a KeyObject with type'private' is given, a new KeyObject with type 'public' will be returnedand it will be impossible to extract the private key from the returned object.

Creates and returns a Sign object that uses the given algorithm. Usecrypto.getHashes() to obtain the names of the available digest algorithms.Optional options argument controls the stream.Writable behavior.

Creates and returns a Verify object that uses the given algorithm.Use crypto.getHashes() to obtain an array of names of the availablesigning algorithms. Optional options argument controls thestream.Writable behavior.

Some ciphers accept variable length keys and initialization vectors. By default,the crypto.getCipherInfo() method will return the default values for theseciphers. To test if a given key length or iv length is acceptable for givencipher, use the keyLength and ivLength options. If the given values areunacceptable, undefined will be returned.

The returned object mimics the interface of objects created bycrypto.createDiffieHellman(), but will not allow changingthe keys (with diffieHellman.setPublicKey(), for example). Theadvantage of using this method is that the parties do not have togenerate nor exchange a group modulus beforehand, saving both processorand communication time.

If privateKey is not a KeyObject, this function behaves as ifprivateKey had been passed to crypto.createPrivateKey(). If it is anobject, the padding property can be passed. Otherwise, this function usesRSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING.

If key is not a KeyObject, this function behaves as ifkey had been passed to crypto.createPublicKey(). If it is anobject, the padding property can be passed. Otherwise, this function usesRSA_PKCS1_PADDING.

Encrypts the content of buffer with key and returns a newBuffer with encrypted content. The returned data can be decrypted usingthe corresponding private key, for example using crypto.privateDecrypt().

The crypto.randomBytes() method will not complete until there issufficient entropy available.This should normally never take longer than a few milliseconds. The only timewhen generating the random bytes may conceivably block for a longer period oftime is right after boot, when the whole system is still low on entropy.

The asynchronous version of crypto.randomBytes() is carried out in a singlethreadpool request. To minimize threadpool task length variation, partitionlarge randomBytes requests when doing so as part of fulfilling a clientrequest.

The asynchronous version of crypto.randomFill() is carried out in a singlethreadpool request. To minimize threadpool task length variation, partitionlarge randomFill requests when doing so as part of fulfilling a clientrequest.

For historical reasons, many cryptographic APIs provided by Node.js acceptstrings as inputs where the underlying cryptographic algorithm works on bytesequences. These instances include plaintexts, ciphertexts, symmetric keys,initialization vectors, passphrases, salts, authentication tags,and additional authenticated data.

When strings are obtained from user input, some Unicode characters can berepresented in multiple equivalent ways that result in different bytesequences. For example, when passing a user passphrase to a key derivationfunction, such as PBKDF2 or scrypt, the result of the key derivation functiondepends on whether the string uses composed or decomposed characters. Node.jsdoes not normalize character representations. Developers should consider usingString.prototype.normalize() on user inputs before passing them tocryptographic APIs.

The Crypto module was added to Node.js before there was the concept of aunified Stream API, and before there were Buffer objects for handlingbinary data. As such, many crypto classes have methods nottypically found on other Node.js classes that implement the streamsAPI (e.g. update(), final(), or digest()). Also, many methods acceptedand returned 'latin1' encoded strings by default rather than Buffers. Thisdefault was changed after Node.js v0.8 to use Buffer objects by defaultinstead.

The node:crypto module still supports some algorithms which are alreadycompromised and are not recommended for use. The API also allowsthe use of ciphers and hashes with a small key size that are too weak for safeuse. 2351a5e196