There are 5 Chapters that you can explore in the main game:
Rotten Orchard
Grease Puppet
Civilised Abscess / Civilized Abscess
Divine Paradox
Ruptured Organ
These Chapters could be unlocked through passing the minimum height requirement needed to succeed. These heights usually go up by 50 metres every Chapter with the exception between Rotten Orchard and Grease Puppet.
Rotten Orchard - 100M
Grease Puppet - 200M
Civilised Abscess - 250M
Divine Paradox - 300M
Ruptured Organ - 350M
Also, these Chapters have a challenge level, which are linked to how many Seals you bind to your soul. If you apply too many, your PWR level (beyond 3) would make the challenge level rise from 0-50 to 51-100, which would lock you out of Rotten Orchard to Divine Paradox.
In every level there is basically a floor. I honestly don't know what the fuck it is other than it is an abyss of some sorts. I genuinely don't actually know how it works other than surface-level mechanics I observed.
There is two situations you could be in relating to the abyss:
Timer is still going
Timer had ended
While the timer is still going, it is basically somewhat safe to fall down to the abyss as long you met the minimum height requirement for the level. When you fall, you end up back at the start. The Eyes may have a part in helping us get back to the start point, but it is complicated. [4]
If the timer had already counted to 0 (which 0 would look like 'XX:XX'), the abyss would slowly start rising and will start gaining speed the longer you stay awake. When you fall down or if the abyss catches up to you, the game would end. It is still unclear what happens after the abyss catches up, as there seems to be a gap of knowledge on how climbers transition to one Chapter to another.
There is a time limit on how long you can climb safely. The timer increases by 30 seconds every Chapter with no exceptions to this. This gives climbers more time to climb, especially for No-Seal runs or first playthroughs for beginner climbers.
Rotten Orchard - 10:00
Grease Puppet - 10:30
Civilised Abscess - 11:00
Divine Paradox - 11:30
Ruptured Organ - 12:00
When the timer hits 0 (XX:XX), the abyss becomes or feels somewhat dangerous to fall into, as the game would end when it catches up to you.
Going into specifics, the Chapters have a different enviromental theme around them.
Rotten Orchard is the most life-friendly Chapters. It is used as the tutorial grounds for beginner climbers. It is lush and very green, perfect for any survival.
Grease Puppet is the second Chapter out of the five. It is a bit harder than Rotten Orchard and it may be confusing for some on how to navigate this Chapter. It is literally an industrial hellscape.
Civilised Abscess is the third Chapter of the five. It is the hardest level to do without Seals. It is a city themed Chapter and it is constantly raining and storming along with it being constantly dark.
Divine Paradox is the fourth Chapter of the five. It is one of the easiest Chapters due to the Squishyboi, but that is up for change. It is the mushroom Chapter and we seem to be in a cavern surrounded by glowing mushrooms and crystals.
Ruptured Organ is the final level of the five. It is a hellscape of organic material which includes bones, teeth, flesh, skin, eyes, and other mystery fluids that I wouldn't want to find out what it is. The abyss is very scary. It is THE hellscape, Grease Puppet doesn't even compare to how hellish Ruptured Organ is.
It is possible to beat Rogue Climber without using any Seals, Items, or killing any Inhabitants. [6]
Other Chapters tend to leak into each other due to some terrain generation issues, so you can see overlapping terrain from other Chaptures (ex. Rotten Orchard structures spawning in Grease Puppet and softlocking the climber without the Timid Ascention Seal).
This also includes Inhabitants.
The abyss is possibly beatable, just not humanly possible (aka, not possible without bugs). It stops around at 31,000M [14].
The highest maximum height achieved is 50,026M in Civilised Abscess. [11]