Critical Alien Phenomenology Par Excellence: Benjamin's Angel of History
by Max Ramsahoye
Critical Alien Phenomenology Par Excellence: Benjamin's Angel of History
by Max Ramsahoye
Reinterpretation of ‘The Angel of History’, as described by Walter Benjamin - (r/aiArt)
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In the history of critical theory, Walter Benjamin's 'Angel of History' stands as another exquisite instance of critical alien phenomenology':
❝ A Klee painting named Angelus Novus shows an angel looking as though he is about to move away from something he is fixedly contemplating. His eyes are staring, his mouth is open, his wings are spread. This is how one pictures the angel of history. His face is turned toward the past. Where we perceive a chain of events, he sees one single catastrophe which keeps piling wreckage upon wreckage and hurls it in front of his feet. The angel would like to stay, awaken the dead, and make whole what has been smashed. But a storm is blowing from Paradise; it has got caught in his wings with such violence that the angel can no longer close them. The storm irresistibly propels him into the future to which his back is turned, while the pile of debris before him grows skyward. This storm is what we call progress. ❞
– Theses on the Philosophy of History Walter Benjamin
Benjamin's Angel represents a phenomenological rupture in our understanding of historical time. The passage enacts a violent perceptual inversion where what appears to humans as sequential progress reveals itself as singular catastrophe.
The contrast is absolute: "Where we perceive a chain of events, he sees one single catastrophe." Human historical consciousness atomizes time into discrete moments, separable events, distinguishable epochs. But from the angel's vantage, this fragmentation dissolves—history appears as continuous wreckage, an ever-accumulating pile of debris. The angel's perception cannot parse the destruction into manageable units; it experiences temporal horror as an indivisible whole.
This is alien phenomenology's critical force at maximum intensity. The angel sees what temporal distance normally obscures: that every "event" in the human chain is simultaneously present as catastrophe, that progress and destruction aren't opposites but identical processes viewed from incommensurable perspectives.
The angel is powerless. Despite transcendent vision, it "can no longer close [its wings]"—caught in the storm of progress, forced backward into a future while facing an unfixable past. The angel's superior perception brings no mastery, only anguish: it "would like to stay, awaken the dead, and make whole what has been smashed" but cannot.
Benjamin's angel reveals the seeming impossibility of redemption from within the machinery of historical time. The storm called progress operates with inhuman force. The angel's affective experience (staring eyes, open mouth) signals desperate recognition without capacity for intervention. Benjamin reveals modernity's temporal structure as possessing its own terrible life, its own momentum indifferent to how it appears to any observer.