Embedded Files
A link protocol, also known as a data link protocol or link layer protocol, operates on the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.
Its primary functions include framing, error detection and correction, flow control and addressing.
Link protocols are responsible for packaging higher-level data into frames that can be transmitted over a physical medium.
They also handle acknowledgements, retransmissions, and other mechanisms to ensure reliable data transfers between directly connected nodes.
Common examples of link protocols include
Ethernet-A widely used wired link protocol that uses MAC addresses to identify devices on a network and employs CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) for medium access control.
HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control)- A synchronous link protocol used primarily in point-to-point and multipoint communication networks.
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)-A protocol used for establishing a direct connection between two nodes over various physical medium.
Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol
MAC protocols are a subset of link protocols.
They deal specifically with the access to and control of a shared communication medium, such as a wired or wireless channel.
MAC protocols determine how devices on a network compete for the right to transmit data in order to minimize collisions and ensure fair and efficient access to the medium.
CSMA / CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)- Used in Ethernet networks, devices listen for carrier signals before transmitting. If a collision is detected, the devices back off and try again after a random time.
CSMA / CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)-Used in wireless networks to avoid collisions. Devices sense the channel and wait for it to be cleared before transmitting to prevent simultaneous transmissions.
Token passing- In networks using token passing protocols like Token Ring, a special token is passed between devices, granting the holder the right to transmit. This ensures an orderly access to the medium.
TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access)-The available transmission time is divided into time slots, and each device is assigned a specific time slot for transmission.
FDMA(Frequency Division Multiple Access)- Different devices are assigned different frequency bands within a shared medium.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)- Each device uses a unique code to transmit data simultaneously over the same frequency band, and receivers use the corresponding code to distinguish between signals.
It seems like you've mentioned "IEEE," which stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE is a professional organization that develops and publishes standards for a wide range of industries, including electronics, electrical engineering, telecommunications, and computer networking. In the context of networking, IEEE standards play a crucial role in ensuring compatibility, interoperability, and efficient communication between devices and systems.
Performance issues
Performance issues in network architecture can significantly impact a network's efficiency, reliability, and user experience.
These issues may arise from various factors and may have far-reaching consequences. Here are some common performance issues in network architecture.
Bandwidth Limitations-Insufficient bandwidth can lead to slower data transfer rates, causing delays and bottlenecks in network traffic. This issue is especially relevant when there is a large volume of data to be transmitted or when dealing with multimedia content.
Latency-Latency refers to the delay between sending a data packet and receiving a response. High latency can lead to sluggish performance, particularly in real-time applications like video conferencing, online gaming, and VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) calls.
Packet Loss: Packet loss happens when data packets fail to reach their intended destination. This can happen due to network congestion, faulty hardware, or other issues. It can result in data retransmissions and degraded application performance.
Jitter-Jitter is the variation in latency leading to irregular delays in packet arrival. In real-time applications, consistent latency is vital, and jitter can cause disruptions and poor quality.
Network Congestion- When a network experiences heavy traffic, it can become congested, causing delays and packet loss. Network congestion can occur due to insufficient bandwidth, improper network design, or sudden spikes in usage.
Page updated
Google Sites
Report abuse