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Patched is part of a negative feedback mechanism for hedgehog signaling that helps shape the spatial gradient of signaling activity across tissues. In the absence of hedgehog, low levels of patched are sufficient to suppress activity of the signal transduction pathway. When hedgehog is present, its cholesterol moiety binds to the sterol-sensing domain in patched, which then inhibits the activity of smoothened. Smoothened is a G protein-coupled receptor, most of which is stored in membrane bound vesicles internally within the cell and which increases at the cell surface when hedgehog is present. Smoothened must be present on the cell membrane in order for the Hedgehog signaling pathway to be activated. Among other genes, the transcription of the patched gene is induced by hedgehog signaling, with the accumulation of the patched protein limiting signaling through the Smoothened protein. Recent work implicates the cilium in intracellular trafficking of hedgehog signaling components in vertebrate cells.

Mutated patched proteins have been implicated in a number of cancers including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma.[3] Hereditary mutations in the human patched homolog PTCH1 cause autosomal dominant Gorlin syndrome, which consists of overgrowth and hereditary disposition to cancer including basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Mice with mutations in mouse PTCH1 similarly develop medulloblastoma.

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The basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) is characterized by developmental abnormalities and by the postnatal occurrence of cancers, especially basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), the most common human cancer. Heritable mutations in BCNS patients and a somatic mutation in a sporadic BCC were identified in a human homolog of the Drosophila patched (ptc) gene. The ptc gene encodes a transmembrane protein that in Drosophila acts in opposition to the Hedgehog signaling protein, controlling cell fates, patterning, and growth in numerous tissues. The human PTC gene appears to be crucial for proper embryonic development and for tumor suppression.

The rusty patched bumble bee is a species of bumble bee native to eastern North America. Its workers and males have a small rust-colored patch on the middle of their second abdominal segment. This bee was once commonly distributed throughout the east and upper Midwest of the United States, but has declined from an estimated 87% of its historic range in recent years. The rusty-patched bumble bee was once an excellent pollinator of wildflowers, cranberries, and other important crops, including plum, apple, alfalfa and onion seed.

Responding to a petition filed by the Xerces Society in 2013 to list the rusty patched bumble bee as an endangered species under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) finalized the ruling and gave the rusty patched bumble bee endangered status under the ESA in January of 2017.

In order to properly identify any bumble bee, you need to first determine whether the bee you are examining is a female worker, a queen or a male bee. Then, you can begin to determine whether your bee is a Rusty-patched Bumble Bee or some other species of bumble bee. The rusty-patched bumble bee workers have a distinctive rusty patch on the front half of their second abdominal segment. The first abdominal segment and the rear half of their second abdominal segment are both yellow. All other abdominal segments are black. The hair on the heads of B. affinis workers is mostly black throughout. On the thorax, black hairs extend from a central patch in the middle of the thorax out towards the wings and centrally in a narrow V towards the rear. The coloration of Bombus affinis queens and males differ from the workers in their lack of a strong rusty patch on the second abdominal segment. Queens also differ in having the thorax mostly yellow except for a small central bare patch. Similar bumble bees that occur in the same region are B. vagans, B. griseocollis, B. impatiens, and B. bimaculatus.

Historically, the rusty-patched bumble bee was distributed along the east coast of the United States from southern Maine south through Georgia with an extension west along the northern states through Minnesota. A few individuals have been found as far west as North Dakota. The former range of the Rusty-patched bumble bee includes these states: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Indiana, lower Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Delaware, New Jersey, West Virginia, and portions of North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee. A number of surveys have been done, but the Rusty-Patch Bumble Bee has not been found in most of its range since 2003 with the exception of a few isolated areas.

There are a number of threats facing bumble bees, any of which may be leading to the decline of the rusty-patched bumble bee. The major threats to bumble bees include: spread of pests and diseases by the commercial bumble bee industry, other pests and diseases, habitat destruction or alteration, pesticides, invasive species, natural pest or predator population cycles, and climate change.

Many parts of this hypothesis were supported by recent scientific evidence which documented that commercial bumble bees were responsible for the spread and amplification of Nosema bombi, and that this likely has had a profound effect on wild bumble bees, including the rusty patched bumble bee. They did not find evidence that the pathogen had been introduced from Europe. Bumble bees are reared commercially for use as pollinators of agricultural crops and it has been clearly documented that these commercial bumble bees carry high pathogen loads, and regularly interact with wild bumble bees near greenhouses and in open field settings.

Historically, the rusty patched bumble bee was broadly distributed across the eastern United States and upper midwest, as well as in southern Quebec and Ontario, in Canada. This historical range continued south to the northeast corner of Georgia and reached west to the eastern edges of North and South Dakota, as noted in the species status assessment in 2016.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service wrote a species status assessment for the rusty patched bumble bee in 2016, listed the species in 2017 and finalized the recovery plan for the rusty patched bumble bee in 2021. Along with our partners, we are actively engaging in conservation of this species. This work includes, but is not limited to: surveys and monitoring, conservation planning, research, habitat management and enhancement, as well as outreach.

Based on a review of rusty patched bumble bee observation records, in most years, the rusty patched bumble bee may only be active above ground between about March 15 through October 10 and April 10 through October 10, south and north of 42 latitude, respectively. Although air temperatures may be conducive to activity later in the fall, cessation of flight appears to be timed with the passing of native fall flowers," as noted by D.F. Schweitzer and others in 2012.

All rusty patched bumble bees have a mostly yellow upper thorax, with a black spot or band between the wings that may extend toward the back in a v-shape, resembling a thumb tack. The bottom of the thorax is black. In workers and males, the first abdominal segment is yellow and the second has a patch of rusty hairs on the front portion of the segment, with yellow hairs on the back and sides. Rusty patched bumble bee queens are entirely yellow on the first two abdominal segments and the rest of the abdominal segments are black.

Rusty patched bumble bees have been observed in a variety of habitats, including prairies, woodlands, marshes, agricultural landscapes and residential parks and gardens, as documented by S.R. Colla and L. Packer in 2008 and later by S.R. Colla and S. Dumesh in 2010. The rusty patched bumble bee requires areas that support sufficient food, including nectar and pollen from diverse and abundant flowers, as well as undisturbed nesting sites that are in proximity to those floral resources. These bees also require overwintering sites for hibernating queens, as documented by D. Goulson and others in 2015 and Potts and others in 2010.

Rusty patched bumble bee habitat can be divided conceptually into nesting and wintering, as well as foraging habitat types, based on the relative timing of pollen and nectar availability. The locations of pollen and nectar sources for the rusty patched bumble bee may vary throughout the growing season.

We assume that the rusty patched bumble bee nests in upland grasslands and shrublands that contain forage during the summer and fall and as far as 30 meters into the edges of forest and woodland. In 2019, J. Lanternman and others summarized 451 observations of nest-searching behavior by queens of nine bumble bee species. Although the rusty patched bumble bee was not among the nine species observed, their observations may shed some light on how the species searches for nest sites. J. Lanternman and others observed queens searching for nesting sites in open grassland habitats, but nest-seeking queens favored woody transitional habitats over open habitats.

Rusty patched bumble bee nests are typically 1 to 4 feet underground in abandoned rodent nests or other mammal burrows and occasionally at the soil surface or aboveground, as documented by O.E. Plath in 1922 and later by R.P. Macfarlane in 1994. Among the 43 rusty patched bumble bee nest records cited by Macfarlane in 1994, 95% were underground. Queens may locate abandoned rodent burrows by using olfactory or chemical cues, as documented by Lanternman and others in 2019.

Little is known about the overwintering habitats of rusty patched bumble bee queens, but based on observations of other species we assume that rusty patched bumble bee queens overwinter in upland forest and woodlands. Other species of Bombus typically form a chamber in loose, soft soil, a few centimeters deep in bare earth, moss, under tree litter or in bare-patches within short grass and may avoid areas with dense vegetation, as documented by A.V. Alford in 1969 and later by A.R. Liczner and S. Colla in 2019. Overwintering habitat preferences may be species-specific and dependent on factors such as slope orientation and timing of emergence. Most queens in England were found in well-drained soil, shaded from direct sunlight in banks or under trees and free from living ground vegetation, as documented by A.V. Alford in 1969. A recent review of published literature shows that overwintering queens have been found mostly in shaded areas, usually near trees and in banks without dense vegetation, as noted by A.R. Liczner and S. Colla in 2019. The only known documented overwintering rusty patched bumble bee queen, discovered in a maple oak-woodland, which was about 0.5 kilometers into the woodlands, was in Wisconsin in 2016. It was found under a few centimeters of leaf litter and loose soil, as documented by B. Herrick from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. be457b7860