China Metro Map |TOP|

Urban rail transit in China encompasses a broad range of urban and suburban electric passenger rail mass transit systems including subway, light rail, tram and maglev.[1] Some classifications also include non-rail bus rapid transport. As of 31 December 2022, China has the world's longest urban rail transit system with more than 9,500 km (5,900 mi) of urban rail nationwide in 49 systems in 47 cities, accounting for 9 of the 10 longest metro systems (Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu, Hangzhou, Wuhan, and Nanjing, in that order) except Moscow Metro,[2] or metro systems in Seoul combined if metro systems in the same cities are merged in the rank.

China has put 233 urban rail transit lines into operation in 44 cities with length more than 7,500 km (4,700 mi) by 2020,[3] and 6,100 km (3,800 mi) by 2019.[4] All of the world's 500 km-plus, as well as 17 of the world's 27 200 km-plus metro systems and half of the top 10 busiest metro systems are in China (Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chengdu, and Shenzhen),[5] where Shanghai Metro, though started operating in 1993, is now the longest.[6][7][8]

China Metro Map

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The rapid growth of the Chinese economy since the 1980s has created a huge surge in demand for urban transport. This prompted cities across China to pursue and draft proposals for subway networks, with Shanghai and Guangzhou opening their first sections of subway in the 1990s, inspiring more cities to propose subway networks. In 1995, the Central Government, alarmed by the high cost and financial debt from these ambitious subway plans, put out a "notice on the suspension of approval of urban underground rapid rail transit projects" barring new subway systems outside of Beijing, Tianjin, Guangzhou and Shanghai from being built.[9] At the time Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing, Dalian and Shenzhen had advanced proposals waiting to be approved. Wuhan, Chongqing, Dalian managed to circumvent the moratorium on subway construction by constructing and opening lower cost elevated lines, light metros, and monorails in the early 2000s. Changchun was the first city constructing real light rail system in China, which began operation in 2002. Its first transit line, Line 3, is a light rail line not fully grade separated, still having four level crossings as of 2023. It's also the only rapid transit system combined light rail and rapid transit lines in China, which can directly transfer to each other.

Rapid urbanization of China led to severe congestion and pollution in urban areas leading to the suspension being lifted. Initially, light metro lines using small profile and shorter rolling stock were constructed to reduce costs. It was assumed that as ridership grows the line will operate trains at a low headway to increase capacity. This design paradigm was known in China as "small rolling stock, high density" operation.[10][11][12] However, after a few years operating, many of these lines such as Guangzhou Metro Line 3, Line 6, Shanghai Metro Line 6, and Line 8 were severely overcapacity. Guangzhou Metro Line 3 was able to reconfigure from 3-car trains into 6-car trains to slightly relieve overcapacity. This led many cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou, Wuhan and Chengdu to use higher capacity designs on newer lines.

Since the mid-2000s, the growth of rapid transit systems in Chinese cities has rapidly accelerated, with most of the world's new subway mileage in the past decade opening in China.[13][6][14][15] From 2009 to 2015, China built 87 mass transit rail lines, totaling 3,100 km (1,900 mi), in 25 cities at the cost of 988.6 billion.[16] In 2016, the Chinese government lowered the minimum population criteria for a city to start planning a metro system from 3 million to 1.5 million residents.[17] As part of its 13th Five Year Plan, the Chinese government published a transport whitepaper titled "Development of China's Transport". The plan envisions a more sustainable transport system with priority focused on high-capacity public transit particularly urban rail transit and bus rapid transit. All cities with over 3 million residents will start or continue to develop urban rail networks. Regional rail networks will be constructed internally connect and integrate urban agglomerations such as the Jingjinji, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta areas.[18][19] In 2017, some 43 smaller third-tier cities in China have received approval to develop subway lines.[20]

Metro development and operation are two different things, however, as mounting media and passenger complaints about crowded platforms, confusing transfers, and incompetent staff can attest. In one well-known case from Shanghai, a metro station opened with just one entrance, resulting in massive backlogs to enter and exit the station during peak hours.

A view of the metro car during the inauguration event of Bogota's future metro system as a school of culture for public transport, on Aug. 10. Chepa Beltran/Long Visual Press/Universal Images Group via Getty Images hide caption

On a recent morning, workers moved mounds of dirt with bulldozers and installed steel reinforcement rods at one of the metro construction sites in central Bogot. Line 1 of the metro, which will be an elevated train running 14 miles from the outskirts to the city center, is scheduled to open in 2028.

"This is what we are betting on," Deyanira vila, Bogot's mobility secretary, tells NPR. She predicts that the metro, along with more dedicated bus lanes, bike paths and sidewalks, "will transform the city."

Bogot has managed to get by all these years without a metro because it built a bus rapid transit system. Called TransMilenio, it uses dedicated bus lanes rather than city streets and has been replicated by cities all over Latin America. But even though it is one of the world's largest BRTs, TransMilenio was built 25 years ago, has failed to expand along with the city's population and is now badly overcrowded.

Efforts to build a metro date back to 1942, when Bogot was home to just 300,000 people and relied on trolleys for mass transit. But politics kept getting in the way, says Luis ngel Guzmn, an urban planner at Los Andes University in Bogot.

Two years ago, workers broke ground on Bogot's metro, which will eventually include three lines and combine elevated trains with subways. The first line is being built for $4.5 billion by a consortium of Chinese companies, one of the latest examples of Beijing's infrastructure investments in the Americas.

A train pulls over during its trial run at the Michurinsky Prospekt station in Moscow, Russia, Dec. 2, 2021. A new section of the Moscow Metro, part of which was built by China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (CRCC) was launched on Tuesday. It was the first time for Russia to introduce a Chinese enterprise in its metro construction, which was also marked as the first metro project of a Chinese company in Europe. (Xinhua/Bai Xueqi)

A child holding a metro ticket with a view of Michurinsky Prospekt station printed on it poses for a photo in Moscow, Russia, Dec. 7, 2021. A new section of the Moscow Metro, part of which was built by China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (CRCC) was launched on Tuesday. It was the first time for Russia to introduce a Chinese enterprise in its metro construction, which was also marked as the first metro project of a Chinese company in Europe. (Xinhua/Evgeny Sinitsyn)

Passengers walk at the Michurinsky Prospekt station in Moscow, Russia, Dec. 7, 2021. A new section of the Moscow Metro, part of which was built by China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (CRCC) was launched on Tuesday. It was the first time for Russia to introduce a Chinese enterprise in its metro construction, which was also marked as the first metro project of a Chinese company in Europe. (Xinhua/Evgeny Sinitsyn)

Photo taken on Dec. 2, 2021 shows a view into a section of a tunnel at the Michurinsky Prospekt station in Moscow, Russia. A new section of the Moscow Metro, part of which was built by China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (CRCC) was launched on Tuesday. It was the first time for Russia to introduce a Chinese enterprise in its metro construction, which was also marked as the first metro project of a Chinese company in Europe. (Xinhua/Bai Xueqi)

Workers walk at the Michurinsky Prospekt station in Moscow, Russia, Dec. 2, 2021. A new section of the Moscow Metro, part of which was built by China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (CRCC) was launched on Tuesday. It was the first time for Russia to introduce a Chinese enterprise in its metro construction, which was also marked as the first metro project of a Chinese company in Europe. (Xinhua/Bai Xueqi)

Photo taken on Dec. 2, 2021 shows a view at the Michurinsky Prospekt station in Moscow, Russia. A new section of the Moscow Metro, part of which was built by China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (CRCC) was launched on Tuesday. It was the first time for Russia to introduce a Chinese enterprise in its metro construction, which was also marked as the first metro project of a Chinese company in Europe. (Xinhua/Bai Xueqi)

In China, tight security at metro stations has become a common sight in recent years. At every entrance stands a team of security guards scanning commuters up and down and keeping a close eye on the contents of bags, all of which have to go through an X-ray machine.

In September, Colombian magazine Semana exposed a classified dossier, detailing improper monetary transactions related to the construction of the metro mega-project, involving a Chinese national, a former Transport Ministry employee, and prominent political figures.

From the outset, the appointment of CHEC as the leader of the Bogot Metro consortium raised concerns due to its limited experience in the construction of mass transit systems. According to Infobae, the Bogot metro contract involves the construction of 24 kilometers of viaduct and 16 stations.

Short turning pattern has been proved to be an efficient way to solve the issue, which had been mainly used in urban ground public transport systems. This paper applied short turning pattern to urban metro system and relaxed constraints of the turning-back facility. A mathematical model is proposed to determine the short turning parameters, during which a load factor was introduced as a measurement of overcrowding condition. An empirical case from Shanghai Metro Line 2 was incorporated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. 17dc91bb1f